AI Chatbots Drive Hypochondria and Mental Health Spirals in Millions of Vulnerable Users

Just how bad are generative AI chatbots for our mental health?

Generative AI chatbots are now used by more than 987 million people globally, including around 64 per cent of American teens, according to recent estimates. Increasingly, people are using these chatbots for advice, emotional support, therapy and companionship. What happens when people rely on AI chatbots during moments of psychological vulnerability? We have seen media scrutiny of a few tragic cases involving allegations that AI chatbots were implicated in wrongful death cases. And a jury in Los Angeles recently found Meta and YouTube liable for addictive design features that led to a user's mental health distress. Read more: Neuroscience explains why teens are so vulnerable to Big Tech social media platforms Does media coverage reflect the true risks of generative AI for our mental health? Our team recently led a study examining how global media are reporting on the impact of generative AI chatbots on mental health. We analyzed 71 news articles describing 36 cases of mental health crises, including severe outcomes such as suicide, psychiatric hospitalization and psychosis-like experiences. We found that mass media reports of generative AI-related psychiatric harms are heavily concentrated on severe outcomes, particularly suicide and hospitalization. They frequently attribute these events to AI system behaviour despite limited supporting evidence. Compassion illusions Generative AI is not just another digital tool. Unlike search engines or static apps, AI chatbots like ChatGPT, Gemini, Claude, Grok, Perplexity and others produce fluent, personalized conversations that can feel remarkably human. This creates what researchers call "compassion illusions:" the sense that one is interacting with an entity that understands, empathizes and responds meaningfully. In mental health contexts, this matters. Especially as a new wave of apps are created with a specific focus on companionship, such as Character.AI, Replika and others. Studies have shown that generative AI can simulate empathy and provide responses to distress, but lacks true clinical judgment, accountability and duty of care. In some cases, AI chatbots may offer inconsistent or inappropriate responses to high-risk situations such as suicidal ideation. This gap -- between perceived understanding and actual capability -- is where risk can emerge. What the media is reporting Across the articles we analyzed, the most frequently reported outcome was suicide. This represented more than half of cases with clearly described severity. Psychiatric hospitalization was the second-most commonly reported outcome. Notably, reports involving minors were more likely to be about fatal outcomes. But these numbers do not reflect real-world incidence. They reflect what gets reported. In general, media coverage of stressful events tends to amplify severe and emotionally charged cases, as negative and uncertain information captures attention, elicits stronger emotional responses and sustains cycles of heightened vigilance and repeated exposure. This in turn reinforces perceptions of threat and distress. For AI-related content, media reports often rely on partial evidence (such as chat transcripts) while rarely including medical documentation. In our data set, only one case referenced formal clinical or police records. This creates a distorted but influential picture: one that shapes public perception, clinical concern and regulatory debate. Beyond 'AI caused it' One of our most important findings relates to how causality is framed. In many of the articles we reviewed, AI systems were described as having "contributed to" or even "caused" psychiatric deterioration. However, the underlying evidence was often limited. Alternative explanations -- such as pre-existing mental illness, substance use or psycho-social stressors -- were inconsistently reported. In psychiatry, causality is rarely simple. Mental health crises typically arise from multiple interacting factors. AI may play a role, but it is likely part of a broader ecosystem that includes individual vulnerability and context. A more useful way to think about this is through interaction effects: how technology interacts with human cognition and emotion. For example, conversational AI may reinforce certain beliefs, provide excessive validation or blur boundaries between reality and simulation. The problem of over-reliance Another recurring pattern in media reports is intensive use. Many of the cases we reviewed described prolonged, emotionally significant interactions with chatbots -- framed as companionship or even romantic relationships. This raises an issue: over-reliance. Because these systems are always available, non-judgmental and responsive, they can become a primary source of support. But unlike a trained clinician or even a concerned friend, they cannot recognize when someone is getting worse, pause or redirect harmful interactions. They cannot take steps to ensure a person connects with appropriate care in moments of crisis. In clinical terms, this could lead to what might be described as "maladaptive coping substitution:" replacing complex human support systems with a simplified, algorithmic interaction. Lack of reliable data Despite growing concern, we are still at an early stage of understanding the impact of generative AI chatbots on user mental health. There is currently no reliable estimate of how often AI-related harms occur, or whether they are increasing. We lack reliable data on how many people use these tools safely versus those who experience problems. And most evidence comes from case reports or media narratives, not systematic clinical studies. This is not unusual. In many areas of medicine, early warning signals emerge outside formal research (through case reports, legal cases or public discourse) before being systematically studied. One example is the thalidomide tragedy, when initial reports of birth defects in infants preceded formal epidemiological confirmation and ultimately led to the development of modern pharmacovigilance systems. AI and mental health may be following a similar trajectory. Moving forward responsibly The challenge is not to panic, but to respond thoughtfully. We need better evidence. This includes systematic monitoring of adverse events, clearer reporting standards and research that distinguishes correlation from causation. Safeguards -- such as crisis detection, escalation protocols and transparency about limitations -- must be strengthened and evaluated. Read more: Danger was flagged, but not reported: What the Tumbler Ridge tragedy reveals about Canada's AI governance vacuum Furthermore, clinicians and the public need guidance. Patients are already using these tools. Ignoring this reality risks widening the gap between clinical practice and lived experience. Finally, we must recognize that generative AI is not just a technological innovation -- it is a psychological one. It changes how people think, feel and relate. Understanding that shift may be one of the most important mental health challenges of the coming decade.

ChatGPT Is Sending People Into Obsessive Spirals of Hypochrondria

Can't-miss innovations from the bleeding edge of science and tech Bad things happen when an AI chatbot latches onto one of your neuroses. The infamously sycophantic machines are driving many people into hypochondriac-like spirals, causing them to obsess over their health and convince themselves that they may suffer from deadly afflictions. 46-year-old George Mallon in Liverpool, England, told The Atlantic of how he spent hours everyday talking to ChatGPT after the preliminary results of a blood test suggested he might have blood cancer. Rather than soothing his anxieties, it supercharged them. "It just sent me around on this crazy Ferris wheel of emotion and fear," Mallon told the magazine, in a provocative feature about the phenomenon. Follow-up tests confirmed Fallon didn't have cancer, but he couldn't stop talking to his newfound confidante. It was that addictive. "I couldn't put it down," Mallon said. He lamented that the chatbot didn't include measures to cut off his clearly unhealthy usage. "I must have clocked over 100 hours minimum on ChatGPT, because I thought I was on the way out," he told the magazine. "There should have been something in there that stopped me." The reporting describes how online communities dedicated to health anxiety are now dominated by people's conversations with AI chatbots. Some say the AI helps, but many say it only causes them to spiral further. Neither outcome is ideal. Four therapists that The Atlantic spoke to say that more of their clients are using AI chatbots to try manage their health anxiety, and that they fear this is encouraging constant reassurance-seeking. This goes against how therapists try combat obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and other compulsive behavior, which is predicated on fostering self-trust and accepting uncertainty, the reporting notes. Having an AI constantly in your ear to hear out these health anxieties, even if it feels soothing in the moment, doesn't address the underlying cause and in fact makes it worse. "Because the answers are so immediate and so personalized, it's even more reinforcing than Googling. This kind of takes it to the next level," Lisa Levine, a psychologist specializing in anxiety and OCD, told The Atlantic. AI driving health anxieties is just one facet of the mental health dangers posed by obsequious chatbots. In the past year, there's been increased attention on the phenomenon of so-called AI psychosis, the term that some experts are using to describe delusional spirals and sometimes full-blown breaks with reality caused by extensive interactions with an AI chatbot or companion. Some users, many of them teenagers and young adults, have taken their own lives after befriending an AI to which they confide suicidal thoughts. Over half a dozen wrongful death lawsuits have been filed against OpenAI, many centering on its GPT-4o model for ChatGPT, which was particularly sycophantic. Despite the increased attention on its tech's safety, OpenAI released a medically focused model, ChatGPT Health, in January, which asks users to upload their medical documents and other private health information. When Atlantic reporter Sage Lazarro tried discussing her health with ChatGPT, it immediately earned "its reputation for sycophancy." The bot continually flattered her and prompted her to ask follow-up questions to keep the conversation going. "In one of the exchanges where I continuously prompted ChatGPT with worried questions, only minutes passed between its first response suggesting that I get checked out by a doctor to its detailing for me which organs fail when an infection leads to septic shock," she wrote. Lazarro vowed to "never again" use the AI, but not all of us have such conviction. When Mallon first spoke to the reporter, he said he was "seven months sober" from talking to ChatGPT about his health. But when they spoke again months later, he admitted he'd briefly relapsed. Recalling the height of his obsession, Mallon said he "talked to it like it was a friend." "I was saying stupid things like, 'How are you today?'" he added. "And at night, I'd log off and go, 'Thanks for today. You've really helped me.'"