Harding Loevner's Q2 2024 Reports: A Comprehensive Analysis of Global Equity Performance

Harding Loevner International Equity ADR Q2 2024 Report

International equity markets inched higher this quarter, masking significant underlying divergence between sectors, as good returns in Information Technology, especially within the semiconductor industry, balanced out declines in other sectors. Monetary policies continued to diverge in developed markets. The US Federal Reserve maintained the federal funds rate within the range of 5.25% and 5.5%, reflecting a cautious stance aimed at containing inflation while supporting growth. Despite earlier forecasts suggesting multiple rate cuts, markets are now pricing in just two rate cuts in 2024. Similarly, the Bank of Japan kept rates stable but further reduced its bond purchases; Governor Kazuo Ueda indicated that further rate hikes remain a possibility despite signs of economic weakness, including weak private consumption and rising living costs. In contrast, the European Central Bank lowered its key rate to 3.75% from 4%, making its first cut since 2019, even as wage cost pressures persist. There was little change to the shape of the US yield curve, which remains inverted at roughly the same level as the previous quarter, indicated by the 10-year minus 3-month spread. Such inversion, where short-term rates rise above long-term rates, has frequently occurred in advance of past recessions, and typically un-inverted soon before the recession's start. MSCI ACWI ex US Index Performance (USD %) However, the current inversion has persisted for nearly two years, making it the longest in post-war history and casting doubt on its reliability as a recession indicator in the current context. While inflation appears under control in most countries and bond yields remain stable, recent election results have introduced new volatility in both developed and emerging markets. In Europe, far-right parties made significant gains in the parliamentary elections in the European Union. French President Emmanuel Macron reacted to his party's rout at the ballot box by hastily calling for snap legislative elections, prompting French markets to fall. In Germany, Chancellor Olaf Scholz's center-left Social Democrats also received a drubbing as their support plummeted, now polling behind the extreme-right wing Alternative for Germany (AfD) party, although with elections there more than a year away, markets were calmer. In another anti-incumbent outcome, the Labour party secured the majority in UK Parliament, bringing an end to Conservative Rishi Sunak's20-month tenure as Prime Minister, and to the Tories' 14-year hold on power. Indian markets cratered 6% immediately after Prime Minister Narendra Modi's Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) failed to secure a majority in that country's elections, which means that he will need to seek alliances across party lines to secure his third term, rather than govern untrammeled by the need for compromise. That reaction proved short-lived, however, as the market recovered to reach new highs by quarter-end. In Mexico, Claudia Sheinbaum's decisive victory over Xóchitl Gálvez led to a larger drop in Mexican stocks, as investors braced for populist policies as her party's gains in the legislature may lead to an unconstrained majority. The ongoing weakness of the Japanese yen remained the headline story in currency markets, as it fell another 6% against the dollar, reaching its lowest level since 1990. The decline appears to be caused by local investors seeking higher real yields outside their domestic market, as policies remain targeted at stimulating inflation. Emerging market currencies in Latin America fared even worse: the Brazilian real and Mexican peso both dropped more than 9%, weighed down by narrowing interest rates differentials with the US dollar, and, in the case of the peso, the election results. When viewed by sector, last quarter's pattern of strong gains in IT continued. IT was the best performing sector, though returns within the sector were bifurcated, as industries with direct artificial intelligence beneficiaries such as semiconductors & semiconductor equipment surged by double digits, while software & services fell. Communication Services also outperformed, as social media and gaming giant Tencent (OTCPK:TCEHYtechy) rallied, offsetting weakness from the telecommunication services industry. More prosaically cyclical sectors declined, including Consumer Discretionary (autos, durables), Industrials (capital goods), and Materials. Emerging Markets (EMs) rose the most this quarter, as Taiwan soared due to returns from chip powerhouse TSMC (TSM). Indian stocks recovered to new highs, and the heavyweight Chinese market rebounded with a 7% gain, while investors cheered South Africa's historic coalition between the ANC and the National Party, shutting out both the corrupt former president and the hard-left labor Unionist party. These markets offset poor returns in other EMs such as Brazil and Mexico, which fell by 12% and 16%, respectively. While European markets outside the monetary union rose, within the eurozone markets fell, as election results weighed on returns in France and Germany. Japan also declined, unable to overcome the yen weakness, unlike its gains earlier in the year. Shares of faster-growing companies once again outperformed their slower-growing peers, with the top quintile of growth stocks returning more than 5% while the other 80% of the market combined to return next to nothing. Returns for the highest-quality companies, characterized by lower leverage and more stable returns on capital, fared slightly better than those of lower quality, but overall the factor was mixed. The MSCI All Country World ex US Quality Index, which features large weights in TSMC, ASML, and Novo Nordisk, outperformed the core index by 100 basis points (bps). There was no clear pattern in returns based on expensiveness, except for the Japanese, Chinese, South Korean, and Indian markets, where cheaper stocks again outperformed more richly priced stocks. In Japan, the return spread between the cheapest and most expensive quintiles was nearly 700 bps, bringing the year-to-date gap to an eye-watering 1,500 bps. The International Equity ADR composite rose 0.7% gross of fees in the quarter, not far behind the 1.2% gain for the MSCI All Country World ex US Index. The portfolio had two main drags on its performance, one from regional exposure and one from sector stock-picking. Our Latin American holdings, which are over double the small weight of the region in the Index, performed significantly worse than most stocks elsewhere. Additionally, our holding in BBVA, the Spanish bank that controls the largest and most profitable bank in Mexico, was also a substantial detractor. Within Health Care, Japanese biopharma holdings Chugai Pharmaceutical (OTCPK:CHGCF) and Shionogi (OTCPK:SGIOY) continued to weigh on returns, with Shionogi disclosing that its candidate weight-loss drug showed less favorable results in clinical trials than currently available treatments, while Chugai shares sagged on a competitor's potential drug to challenge the dominance of Hemlibra, Chugai's hemophilia treatment. Genmab (GMAB) lagged on expense worries, although it reported progress on its cancer drugs in the pipeline. Not owning Novo Nordisk (NVO), the weight-loss drugmaker, again hurt relative returns. Some of this poor performance was offset by good stocks within the IT sector, especially from TSMC (TSM), whose shares continued to soar on sustained demand for AI-related chips for Nvidia (NVDA) and others. Infineon Technologies (OTCQX:IFNNY), the power management chipmaker, clawed back some of last quarter's drop, and SAP also rose after the company provided more details about AI features coming to its enterprise management software and suggested cloud customer uptake is accelerating. Second Quarter 2024 Performance Attribution Sector: International Equity ADR Composite vs. MSCI ACWI ex US Index Sector: International Equity ADR Composite vs. MSCI ACWI ex US Index Merger and acquisition (M&A) activity has been increasing globally, rebounding from a ten-year low in 2023. Data from Bloomberg indicates that US$1.9 trillion in deals have been announced or completed thus far in 2024, marking a 16% increase from the same period last year. This resurgence suggests that management teams are more optimistic about business prospects and more confident in their ability to create value through acquisitions. Management of companies in our portfolio have been weighing M&A transactions, and since our holdings are typically among the most profitable and financially robust in their industries, they tend to be acquirors, rather than acquisition targets. As companies in our portfolio propose to acquire another firm, we have to evaluate our investment thesis, assess the quality of management, and understand corporate governance practice as we scrutinize each proposed transaction. Our stance toward acquisitions is one of caution. Historically, most mergers fail to boost operating profits. While overpaying for a target is a common pitfall, numerous other execution risks inform our skepticism toward M&A. Creating value from mergers can be challenging, as buyers must successfully integrate the operations, processes, and cultures of two distinct businesses while also achieving the operational targets that justified the acquisition in the first place. Effective integration is crucial for long-term value creation. ASSA ABLOY (OTCPK:ASAZF), one of our portfolio companies, has a track record of successful integration through smaller bolt-on acquisitions. This repeated practice has honed its integration capabilities -- a case of "practice makes perfect." Over the past decade, ASSA ABLOY has more than doubled its earnings per share through a combination of organic growth and strategic acquisitions worth several billion dollars, all while enhancing its operating margin and return on assets. In contrast to this type of smaller acquisition, we were apprehensive about Sony's (SONY) potential acquisition of Paramount. Sony's entertainment arm primarily focuses on content creation, while Paramount is more involved in content distribution through its TV networks and streaming platform. This difference in business models raised concerns about the integration challenges Sony would face and begged the question of the logic of merging these diverse operations. However, after discussions with Sony management, we were relieved to discover they shared our concerns and aimed only to acquire Paramount's content creation business. Such a transaction -- focused on Sony's core business -- would be less risky and more likely to enhance value for Sony. Another problem that bedevils M&A is that acquiring companies often are operating with incomplete or inaccurate information about a target that will only come to light after an acquisition has been completed. An example of how to mitigate this risk comes from BHP, the Australian mining leader we own. When BHP recently made an otter to acquire its competitor Anglo American (OTCQX:AAUKF), BHP made it a condition of the offer that Anglo American divest several significant, but non-strategic, businesses before merging. Perhaps because of these precautions, the deal fell through when Anglo's board declined to accept the terms, viewing them as an undue burden given the price BHP was offering. After an improved otter that was also rejected, BHP's management decided to end discussions. This decision to step back demonstrated strong capital discipline and reinforced our confidence in management. We have observed that integration is more challenging and complex when the operational infrastructures and environments of the buyer and target differ significantly. This complexity escalates with the size of the target; larger targets introduce more potential points of failure. Conversely, this risk decreases when acquisitions are horizontal -- when a company acquires a direct competitor. In such cases, the acquirer has intimate knowledge of the industry, products, and strategic factors impacting the target. This familiarity reduces integration risks, increasing the likelihood of a successful merger. BBVA's proposed acquisition of Banco Sabadell (BNDSF, Sabadell) represents a strategic horizontal merger. As Spain's second largest bank by assets, BBVA aims to absorb Sabadell, the fourth largest, thereby consolidating a significant competitor and strengthening its footprint in the key market of Catalonia where it is under-represented. Familiar with the terrain, BBVA understands the potential risks and synergistic opportunities, notably in cost savings from external IT services -- a significant expenditure for both banks. This merger would allow BBVA to integrate operations in a more deliberate and value accretive manner, including affording Sabadell management the helm of the combined middle-market (SME) business, which is Sabadell's strength. BBVA's experience with mergers during the European debt crisis in 2012, including its acquisition of Catalunya Banc which shares a regional focus with Sabadell, provides a strong template for integrating teams and cultures successfully. BBVA has been at the forefront of digital banking, and the proposed integration of Sabadell into its technology framework is expected to be welcomed by Sabadell's customers and staff. The limited execution risks are partly underscored by a previous merger attempt initiated by Sabadell four years ago, which failed to materialize due to pricing and due diligence concerns by BBVA. This prior engagement suggests both banks are well-acquainted with the potential for cost efficiencies, further smoothing the path for this acquisition. Last summer, we were supportive when HDFC Limited merged with its listed subsidiary, HDFC Bank (HDB), the largest private bank in India, known for its large and diverse deposit base. HDFC Bank's primary focus has been business lending and consumer credit including personal loans, credit card, and auto loans. In contrast, HDFC Limited primarily engaged in mortgage lending, funded predominantly via wholesale markets, while also owning top-tier insurance and asset management businesses. The strategic rationale for merging these entities was compelling due to the highly complementary nature of their operations. The merger gave HDFC Bank a broader array of financial products to cross sell to its large client base and promised cost synergies by substituting HDFC Bank's lower cost deposits for HDFC Limited's costlier wholesale funding. Since HDFC Bank was already an affiliate of HDFC Limited, we perceived minimal due diligence risk and expected a smooth integration of management teams and corporate cultures. Although the integration has progressed as planned, the full realization of cost synergies has been delayed due to tight liquidity and intense competition in India's funding markets. Additionally, the scrip-based merger led some shareholders to hold disproportionately large amounts of stock in the combined entity; their attempts to reduce their single-entity exposure has led to downward pressure on HFDC's share price. However, we maintain a positive outlook on the combined bank, believing these pressures to be transient. The long-term benefits, including structural improvements in net interest income and enhanced cross-selling opportunities, remain promising. M&A is a double-edged sword -- it often risks destroying value, yet when executed properly, it can significantly enhance it. Our investment philosophy centers on identifying and investing in high-quality businesses characterized by robust balance sheets and capable management teams. These attributes enable such companies to capitalize on favorable market conditions and acquire assets that bolster their competitive edge. But it remains crucial for management teams of our portfolio companies to have the acumen to recognize the risks as well as the opportunities in every transaction. In 2024, more than 50 significant national elections will take place globally, culminating in the US presidential election in early November. While political considerations are not a central element of our investment process, the undeniable impact of political outcomes on individual company performance cannot be overlooked. This is particularly true for financial institutions, which are acutely susceptible to these influences due to their concentrated focus on domestic markets, and because of their greater sensitivity to both regulatory and monetary policy shifts. Our financial holdings are notably exposed to emerging markets, both directly and indirectly, as our growth-oriented investment criteria can often favor regions with faster-growing economies that are experiencing accelerating penetration of financial services, from lending to insurance. We estimate over 40% of our financial holdings' profits come from emerging markets. But this approach has a catch -- namely heightened country risks, including economic and regulatory uncertainties, as well as political ones. Early in the quarter, Singapore, which fully transitioned from an emerging to a developed economy decades ago, experienced a seamless leadership handover. The new prime minister, Lawrence Wong, took office with minimal market disruption despite being the first leader from outside the Lee family since 1959. As leader of the long-ruling People's Action Party, Wong was hand-picked by the outgoing prime minister Lee. This drama-free political transition allowed our long-held position in DBS Group (OTCPK:DBSDF) to rise serenely. While electoral stability is favorable to ongoing investments, it ironically eliminates the fluctuations that active investors might seize on for lucrative trading opportunities. Historically, political uncertainty has created appealing entry points for us to invest in emerging market banks. Last year, for instance, we capitalized on such a moment by acquiring shares in Peru's Credicorp (BAP) after a sharp decline in the company's stock triggered by political unrest following a contentious presidential transition. Since that purchase, investors' attention has largely shifted back toward the company's solid profit growth and strong balance sheet, supported by the country's GDP expansion and moderate inflation, rather than Peru's ongoing political skirmishes. On June 3, Mexico's stock market experienced a sharp decline after election results confirmed Claudia Scheinbaum would not only succeed President Andrés Manuel López Obrador, but also that her party would secure the necessary congressional majority to enact significant legal, regulatory, and even constitutional changes. Amid market trepidations over a possible surge in populist policies, we seized the opportunity to acquire shares in Mexican bank GF Banorte (OTCQX:GBOOY) at what we perceive to be unusually attractive valuations. Although there is a possibility of new regulations or taxes on banks (similar to concerns raised by Obrador's election in 2018), we believe the government's primary focus remains expanding the benefits of lending across a broader swath of the population and economy. This is particularly pertinent in in Mexico, where the ratio of private sector credit to GDP stands at only 33%, compared to a global average of approximately 140% and nearly 200% in the US. We anticipate that President Scheinbaum, despite her populist leanings, will likely moderate her policies to preserve Mexico's investment grade credit rating, and maintain its appeal for "nearshoring" investment into its industrial sector. Therefore, we view this as a scenario where potential opportunities balance out the risks. Banorte, the second-largest bank in Mexico by loans outstanding and the largest bank controlled by domestic shareholders, is strategically positioned to serve the underbanked segments of the Mexican economy, particularly in consumer and middle- market banking. Moreover, Banorte is in a strong position to benefit from ongoing nearshoring activity, given its strong retail banking presence in Northern Mexico where such activities are concentrated, which has helped it deliver double digit annualized earnings growth over the past 10 years. In addition to Banorte, our portfolio has long included an indirect stake in BBVA Mexico through its parent company, the Spanish banking group BBVA. BBVA acquired full ownership of BBVA Mexico in 2004, and since then, the subsidiary has become a pivotal contributor to BBVA's overall financial health, accounting for more than 50% of the group's pre-tax earnings in recent years. In India, the recent election brought unexpected results as Prime Minister Narendra Modi's anticipated landslide victory turned into a modest win. In power since 2014, Modi's BJP party now requires coalition support to make policy. Our investments in HDFC and ICICI Bank (IBN), however, do not hinge on any single political party. Both banks have thrived under Modi's tenure, with HDFC's earnings per share growing at an annualized 19%, and ICICI at a 12% rate. Given India's low financial penetration rate, with a private credit to GDP ratio at only 50% both banks are well positioned for continued growth. Typically, banks face challenges when economic growth slows, leading to decreased loan growth and an increase in non-performing loans, and after the election, investors briefly feared such a situation. HDFC and ICICI's stocks initially fell by 6% and 8%, respectively, but quickly recovered as investors anticipated that a more consensus-driven Modi would maintain India's economic momentum. Our pursuit of long-term growth in our Financials holdings tends to keep us out of banking regions where credit penetration is high, and economies have low growth trajectories, such as Western Europe, Japan, and China. In Western Europe and Japan, the index's banking weights are high, and our presence is low or non-existent. In China, we've avoided banking and focused our investments on its relatively underpenetrated insurance industry. While our effort to find growth exposes us at times to markets with additional country-level risks, we attempt to ameliorate it by demanding strong company level balance sheets, and also by widely diversifying our exposures geographically. Looking at the geographic sources of the underlying estimated profits of our financial company holdings, which represent about 22% of our strategy, we continue to be tilted towards faster-growing financial markets, and away from those of developed economies with high financial penetration and highly competitive industries. We calculate that more than 45% of our financial holdings' profit comes from Asia Pacific -- primarily India, Singapore, and Hong Kong and China. About one fifth of our financial holdings' profit comes from Europe, with very little exposure to banking there other than Spain. Another fifth of profit is from Latin America, led by Mexico, followed by Peru and Brazil. The remainder of profits come from Canada, the US, and the rest of the world.

Harding Loevner International Equity Q2 2024 Report

International equity markets inched higher this quarter, masking significant underlying divergence between sectors, as good returns in Information Technology, especially within the semiconductor industry, balanced out declines in other sectors. Monetary policies continued to diverge in developed markets. The US Federal Reserve maintained the federal funds rate within the range of 5.25% and 5.5%, reflecting a cautious stance aimed at containing inflation while supporting growth. Despite earlier forecasts suggesting multiple rate cuts, markets are now pricing in just two rate cuts in 2024. Similarly, the Bank of Japan kept rates stable but further reduced its bond purchases; Governor Kazuo Ueda indicated that further rate hikes remain a possibility despite signs of economic weakness, including weak private consumption and rising living costs. In contrast, the European Central Bank lowered its key rate to 3.75% from 4%, making its first cut since 2019, even as wage cost pressures persist. There was little change to the shape of the US yield curve, which remains inverted at roughly the same level as the previous quarter, indicated by the 10-year minus 3-month spread. Such inversion, where short-term rates rise above long-term rates, has frequently occurred in advance of past recessions, and typically un-inverted soon before the recession's start. However, the current inversion has persisted for nearly two years, making it the longest in post-war history and casting doubt on its reliability as a recession indicator in the current context. MSCI ACWI ex US Index Performance (USD %) While inflation appears under control in most countries and bond yields remain stable, recent election results have introduced new volatility in both developed and emerging markets. In Europe, far-right parties made significant gains in the parliamentary elections in the European Union. French President Emmanuel Macron reacted to his party's rout at the ballot box by hastily calling for snap legislative elections, prompting French markets to fall. In Germany, Chancellor Olaf Scholz's center-left Social Democrats also received a drubbing as their support plummeted. They are now polling behind the extreme-right wing Alternative for Germany (AfD) party, although with elections there more than a year away, markets were calmer. In another anti-incumbent outcome, the Labour party secured the majority in UK Parliament, bringing an end to Conservative Rishi Sunak's 20-month tenure as Prime Minister, and to the Tories' 14-year hold on power. Indian markets cratered 6% immediately after Prime Minister Narendra Modi's Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) failed to secure a majority in that country's elections, which means that he will need to seek alliances across party lines to secure his third term, rather than govern untrammeled by the need for compromise. That reaction proved short-lived, however, as the market recovered to reach new highs by quarter-end. In Mexico, Claudia Sheinbaum's decisive victory over Xóchitl Gálvez led to a larger drop in Mexican stocks, as investors braced for populist policies as her party's gains in the legislature may lead to an unconstrained majority. The ongoing weakness of the Japanese yen remained the headline story in currency markets, as it fell another 6% against the dollar, reaching its lowest level since 1990. The decline appears to be caused by local investors seeking higher real yields outside their domestic market, as policies remain targeted at stimulating inflation. Emerging market currencies in Latin America fared even worse: the Brazilian real and Mexican peso both dropped more than 9%, weighed down by narrowing interest rates differentials with the US dollar, and, in the case of the peso, the election results. When viewed by sector, last quarter's pattern of strong gains in IT continued. IT was the best performing sector, though returns within the sector were bifurcated, as industries with direct artificial intelligence beneficiaries such as semiconductors & semiconductor equipment surged by double digits, while software & services fell. Communication Services also outperformed, as social media and gaming giant Tencent (OTCPK:TCEHY) rallied, offsetting weakness from the telecommunication services industry. More prosaically cyclical sectors declined, including Consumer Discretionary (autos, durables), Industrials (capital goods), and Materials. Emerging Markets (EMs) rose the most this quarter, as Taiwan soared due to returns from chip powerhouse TSMC (TSM). Indian stocks recovered to new highs, and the heavyweight Chinese market rebounded with a 7% gain, while investors cheered South Africa's historic coalition between the ANC and the National Party, shutting out both the corrupt former president and the hard-left labor Unionist party. These markets offset poor returns in other EMs such as Brazil and Mexico, which fell by 12% and 16%, respectively. While European markets outside the monetary union rose, within the eurozone markets fell, as election results weighed on returns in France and Germany. Japan also declined, unable to overcome the yen weakness, unlike its gains earlier in the year. Shares of faster-growing companies once again outperformed their slower-growing peers, with the top quintile of growth stocks returning more than 5% while the other 80% of the market combined to return next to nothing. Returns for the highest-quality companies, characterized by lower leverage and more stable returns on capital, fared slightly better than those of lower quality, but overall the factor was mixed. The MSCI All Country World ex US Quality Index, which features large weights in TSMC, ASML, and Novo Nordisk, outperformed the core index by 100 basis points (bps). There was no clear pattern in returns based on expensiveness, except for the Japanese, Chinese, South Korean, and Indian markets, where cheaper stocks again outperformed more richly priced stocks. In Japan, the return spread between the cheapest and most expensive quintiles was nearly 700 bps, bringing the year-to-date gap to an eye-watering 1,500 bps. The International Equity composite rose 0.4% gross of fees in the quarter, not far behind the 1.2% gain for the MSCI All Country World ex US Index. The portfolio had two main drags on its performance, one from regional exposure and one from sector stock-picking. Our Latin American holdings, which are roughly double the small weight of the region in the Index, performed significantly worse than stocks elsewhere. Additionally, our holding in BBVA, the Spanish bank that controls the largest and most profitable bank in Mexico, was also a substantial detractor. Within Health Care, Japanese biopharma holdings Chugai Pharmaceutical (OTCPK:CHGCF) and Shionogi (OTCPK:SGIOY) continued to weigh on returns, with Shionogi disclosing that its candidate weight-loss drug showed less favorable results in clinical trials than currently available treatments, while Chugai shares sagged on a competitor's potential drug to challenge the dominance of Hemlibra, Chugai's hemophilia treatment. Genmab (GMAB) lagged on expense worries, although it reported progress on its cancer drugs in the pipeline. Not owning Novo Nordisk (NVO), the weight-loss drugmaker, again hurt relative returns. Second Quarter 2024 Performance Attribution Sector: International Equity Composite vs. MSCI ACWI ex US Index Geography: International Equity Composite vs. MSCI ACWI ex US Index Some of this poor performance was offset by good stocks within the IT sector, especially from TSMC (TSM), whose shares continued to soar on sustained demand for AI-related chips for Nvidia (NVDA) and others. Infineon Technologies (OTCQX:IFNNY), the power management chipmaker, clawed back some of last quarter's drop, and (SAP) also rose after the company provided more details about AI features coming to its enterprise management software and suggested cloud customer uptake is accelerating. Merger and acquisition (M&A) activity has been increasing globally, rebounding from a ten-year low in 2023. Data from Bloomberg indicates that US$1.9 trillion in deals have been announced or completed thus far in 2024, marking a 16% increase from the same period last year. This resurgence suggests that management teams are more optimistic about business prospects and more confident in their ability to create value through acquisitions. Management of companies in our portfolio have been weighing M&A transactions, and since our holdings are typically among the most profitable and financially robust in their industries, they tend to be acquirors, rather than acquisition targets. As companies in our portfolio propose to acquire another firm, we have to evaluate our investment thesis, assess the quality of management, and understand corporate governance practice as we scrutinize each proposed transaction. Our stance toward acquisitions is one of caution. Historically, most mergers fail to boost operating profits. While overpaying for a target is a common pitfall, numerous other execution risks inform our skepticism toward M&A. Creating value from mergers can be challenging, as buyers must successfully integrate the operations, processes, and cultures of two distinct businesses while also achieving the operational targets that justified the acquisition in the first place. Effective integration is crucial for long-term value creation. ASSA ABLOY (OTCPK:ASAZF), one of our portfolio companies, has a track record of successful integration through smaller bolt-on acquisitions. This repeated practice has honed its integration capabilities -- a case of "practice makes perfect." Over the past decade, ASSA ABLOY has more than doubled its earnings per share through a combination of organic growth and strategic acquisitions worth several billion dollars, all while enhancing its operating margin and return on assets. In contrast to this type of smaller acquisition, we were apprehensive about Sony's (SONY) potential acquisition of Paramount. Sony's entertainment arm primarily focuses on content creation, while Paramount is more involved in content distribution through its TV networks and streaming platform. This difference in business models raised concerns about the integration challenges Sony would face and begged the question of the logic of merging these diverse operations. However, after discussions with Sony management, we were relieved to discover they shared our concerns and aimed only to acquire Paramount's content creation business. Such a transaction -- focused on Sony's core business -- would be less risky and more likely to enhance value for Sony. Another problem that bedevils M&A is that acquiring companies often are operating with incomplete or inaccurate information about a target that will only come to light after an acquisition has been completed. An example of how to mitigate this risk comes from BHP, the Australian mining leader we own. When BHP recently made an otter to acquire its competitor Anglo American (OTCQX:AAUKF), BHP made it a condition of the otter that Anglo American divest several significant, but non-strategic, businesses before merging. Perhaps because of these precautions, the deal fell through when Anglo's board declined to accept the terms, viewing them as an undue burden given the price BHP was offering. After an improved otter that was also rejected, BHP's management decided to end discussions. This decision to step back demonstrated strong capital discipline and reinforced our confidence in management. We have observed that integration is more challenging and complex when the operational infrastructures and environments of the buyer and target differ significantly. This complexity escalates with the size of the target; larger targets introduce more potential points of failure. Conversely, this risk decreases when acquisitions are horizontal -- when a company acquires a direct competitor. In such cases, the acquirer has intimate knowledge of the industry, products, and strategic factors impacting the target. This familiarity reduces integration risks, increasing the likelihood of a successful merger. BBVA's proposed acquisition of Banco Sabadell (BNDSF, Sabadell) represents a strategic horizontal merger. As Spain's second largest bank by assets, BBVA aims to absorb Sabadell, the fourth largest, thereby consolidating a significant competitor and strengthening its footprint in the key market of Catalonia where it is under-represented. Familiar with the terrain, BBVA understands the potential risks and synergistic opportunities, notably in cost savings from external IT services -- a significant expenditure for both banks. This merger would allow BBVA to integrate operations in a more deliberate and value accretive manner, including according Sabadell management the helm of the combined middle-market (SME) business, which is Sabadell's strength. BBVA's experience with mergers during the European debt crisis in 2012, including its acquisition of Catalunya Banc which shares a regional focus with Sabadell, provides a strong template for integrating teams and cultures successfully. BBVA has been at the forefront of digital banking, and the proposed integration of Sabadell into its technology framework is expected to be welcomed by Sabadell's customers and staff. The limited execution risks are partly underscored by a previous merger attempt initiated by Sabadell four years ago, which failed to materialize due to pricing and due diligence concerns by BBVA. This prior engagement suggests both banks are well-acquainted with the potential for cost efficiencies, further smoothing the path for this acquisition. Last summer, we were supportive when HDFC Limited merged with its listed subsidiary, HDFC Bank (HDB), the largest private bank in India, known for its large and diverse deposit base. HDFC Bank's primary focus has been business lending and consumer credit including personal loans, credit card, and auto loans. In contrast, HDFC Limited primarily engaged in mortgage lending, funded predominantly via wholesale markets, while also owning top-tier insurance and asset management businesses. The strategic rationale for merging these entities was compelling due to the highly complementary nature of their operations. The merger gave HDFC Bank a broader array of financial products to cross sell to its large client base and promised cost synergies by substituting HDFC Bank's lower cost deposits for HDFC Limited's costlier wholesale funding. Since HDFC Bank was already an affiliate of HDFC Limited, we perceived minimal due diligence risk and expected a smooth integration of management teams and corporate cultures. Although the integration has progressed as planned, the full realization of cost synergies has been delayed due to tight liquidity and intense competition in India's funding markets. Additionally, the scrip-based merger led some shareholders to hold disproportionately large amounts of stock in the combined entity; their attempts to reduce their single-entity exposure has led to downward pressure on HFDC's share price. However, we maintain a positive outlook on the combined bank, believing these pressures to be transient. The long-term benefits, including structural improvements in net interest income and enhanced cross-selling opportunities, remain promising. M&A is a double-edged sword -- it often risks destroying value, yet when executed properly, it can significantly enhance it. Our investment philosophy centers on identifying and investing in high-quality businesses characterized by robust balance sheets and capable management teams. These attributes enable such companies to capitalize on favorable market conditions and acquire assets that bolster their competitive edge. But it remains crucial for management teams of our portfolio companies to have the acumen to recognize the risks as well as the opportunities in every transaction. In 2024, more than 50 significant national elections will take place globally, culminating in the US presidential election in early November. While political considerations are not a central element of our investment process, the undeniable impact of political outcomes on individual company performance cannot be overlooked. This is particularly true for financial institutions, which are acutely susceptible to these influences due to their concentrated focus on domestic markets, and because of their greater sensitivity to both regulatory and monetary policy shifts. Our financial holdings are notably exposed to emerging markets, both directly and indirectly, as our growth-oriented investment criteria can often favor regions with faster-growing economies that are experiencing accelerating penetration of financial services, from lending to insurance. We estimate nearly half of our financial holdings' profits come from emerging markets. But this approach has a catch -- namely heightened country risks, including economic and regulatory uncertainties, as well as political ones. Early in the quarter, Singapore, which fully transitioned from an emerging to a developed economy decades ago, experienced a seamless leadership handover. The new prime minister, Lawrence Wong, took office with minimal market disruption despite being the first leader from outside the Lee family since 1959. As leader of the long-ruling People's Action Party, Wong was hand-picked by the outgoing prime minister Lee. This drama-free political transition allowed our long-held position in DBS Group (OTCPK:DBSDF) to rise serenely. While electoral stability is favorable to ongoing investments, it ironically eliminates the fluctuations that active investors might seize on for lucrative trading opportunities. Historically, political uncertainty has created appealing entry points for us to invest in emerging market banks. Last year, for instance, we capitalized on such a moment by acquiring shares in Peru's Credicorp (BAP) after a sharp decline in the company's stock triggered by political unrest following a contentious presidential transition. Since that purchase, investors' attention has largely shifted back toward the company's solid profit growth and strong balance sheet, supported by the country's GDP expansion and moderate inflation, rather than Peru's ongoing political skirmishes. On June 3, Mexico's stock market experienced a sharp decline after election results confirmed Claudia Scheinbaum would not only succeed President Andrés Manuel López Obrador, but also that her party would secure the necessary congressional majority to enact significant legal, regulatory, and even constitutional changes. Amid market trepidations over a possible surge in populist policies, we seized the opportunity to acquire shares in Mexican bank GF Banorte (OTCQX:GBOOY) at what we perceive to be unusually attractive valuations. Although there is a possibility of new regulations or taxes on banks (similar to concerns raised by Obrador's election in 2018), we believe the government's primary focus remains expanding the benefits of lending across a broader swath of the population and economy. This is particularly pertinent in Mexico, where the ratio of private sector credit to GDP stands at only 33%, compared to a global average of approximately 140% and nearly 200% in the US. We anticipate that President Scheinbaum, despite her populist leanings, will likely moderate her policies to preserve Mexico's investment grade credit rating, and maintain its appeal for "nearshoring" investment into its industrial sector. Therefore, we view this as a scenario where potential opportunities balance out the risks. Banorte, the second-largest bank in Mexico by loans outstanding and the largest bank controlled by domestic shareholders, is strategically positioned to serve the underbanked segments of the Mexican economy, particularly in consumer and middle-market banking. Moreover, Banorte is in a strong position to benefit from ongoing nearshoring activity, given its strong retail banking presence in Northern Mexico where such activities are concentrated, which has helped it deliver double digit annualized earnings growth over the past 10 years. In addition to Banorte, our portfolio has long included an indirect stake in BBVA Mexico through its parent company, the Spanish banking group BBVA. BBVA acquired full ownership of BBVA Mexico in 2004, and since then, the subsidiary has become a pivotal contributor to BBVA's overall financial health, accounting for more than 50% of the group's pre-tax earnings in recent years. In India, the recent election brought unexpected results as Prime Minister Narendra Modi's anticipated landslide victory turned into a modest win. In power since 2014, Modi's BJP party now requires coalition support to make policy. Our investments in HDFC and ICICI Bank (IBN), however, do not hinge on any single political party. Both banks have thrived under Modi's tenure, with HDFC's earnings per share growing at an annualized 19%, and ICICI at a 12% rate. Given India's low financial penetration rate, with a private credit to GDP ratio at only 50% both banks are well positioned for continued growth. Typically, banks face challenges when economic growth slows, leading to decreased loan growth and an increase in non-performing loans, and after the election, investors briefly feared such a situation. HDFC and ICICI's stocks initially fell by 6% and 8%, respectively, but quickly recovered as investors anticipated that a more consensus-driven Modi would maintain India's economic momentum. Our pursuit of long-term growth in our Financials holdings tends to keep us out of banking regions where credit penetration is high, and economies have low growth trajectories, such as Western Europe, Japan, and China. In Western Europe and Japan, the index's banking weights are high, and our presence is low or non-existent. In China, we've avoided banking and focused our investments on its relatively underpenetrated insurance industry. While our effort to find growth exposes us at times to markets with additional country-level risks, we attempt to ameliorate it by demanding strong company level balance sheets, and also by widely diversifying our exposures geographically. Looking at the geographic sources of the underlying estimated profits of our financial company holdings, which represent about 22% of our strategy, we continue to be tilted towards faster-growing financial markets, and away from those of developed economies with high financial penetration and highly competitive industries. We calculate that more than 40% of our financial holdings' profit comes from Asia Pacific -- about one third each from India, Singapore, and Hong Kong and China. About a quarter of our financial holdings' profit comes from Europe, with very little exposure to banking other than Scandinavia and Spain. Another fifth of profit is from Latin America, of which about half comes from Mexico, followed by Peru and Brazil. The remainder of profits come from Canada, the US, and the rest of the world. Editor's Note: The summary bullets for this article were chosen by Seeking Alpha editors.

Harding Loevner Global Developed Markets Equity Q2 2024 Report

Portfolio diversification and focus on high-quality, innovative companies are essential for navigating market uncertainties and achieving sustained profitability. Global equity markets inched higher this quarter, belying significant underlying divergence between sectors, as stellar returns in Information Technology, especially within the semiconductor industry, balanced out declines in other sectors. Monetary policies continued to diverge in developed markets. The US Federal Reserve maintained the federal funds rate within the range of 5.25% and 5.5%, reflecting a cautious stance aimed at containing inflation while supporting growth. Despite earlier forecasts suggesting multiple rate cuts in 2024, markets are now pricing in just two. The Bank of Japan also kept rates stable but further reduced its bond purchases; Governor Kazuo Ueda indicated that further rate hikes remain a possibility despite signs of economic weakness, including weak private consumption and rising living costs. In contrast, the European Central Bank lowered its key rate to 3.75% from 4%, making its first cut since 2019, even as wage cost pressures persist. There was little change to the shape of the US yield curve, which remains inverted at roughly the same level as the previous quarter, indicated by the 10-year minus 3-month spread. Such inversions, where short-term rates rise above long-term rates, has frequently occurred in advance of past recessions, and typically un-inverted soon before the recession's start. However, the current inversion has persisted for nearly two years, making it the longest in post-war history and casting doubt on its reliability as a recession indicator in the current context. MSCI World Index Performance (USD %) While inflation appears under control in most countries and bond yields remain stable, recent election results have introduced new volatility in developed markets. In Europe, far-right parties made significant gains in the parliamentary elections in the European Monetary Union ('EMU'). French President Emmanuel Macron reacted to his party's rout at the ballot box by hastily calling for snap legislative elections, prompting French markets to fall. In Germany, Chancellor Olaf Scholz's center-left Social Democrats also received a drubbing and are now polling behind the extreme- right wing Alternative for Germany (AfD) party, although with elections there more than a year away, markets were calmer. In another anti-incumbent outcome, the Labour party secured the majority in the UK Parliament, bringing an end to Conservative Rishi Sunak's 20-month tenure as Prime Minister, and to the Tories' 14-year hold on power. The ongoing weakness of the Japanese yen remained the headline story in currency markets, as it fell an additional 6% against the dollar, reaching its lowest level since 1990. The decline appears to be caused by local investors seeking higher real yields outside their domestic market, as policies remain targeted at stimulating inflation in the economy. Emerging market currencies in Latin America fared even worse: the Brazilian real and Mexican peso both dropped roughly 10%, weighed down in part by narrowing interest-rate differential with the US dollar. When viewed by sector, last quarter's pattern of strong gains in IT and Communication Services continued. IT was the best performing sector, though returns within the sector were bifurcated, as industries with direct artificial-intelligence beneficiaries such as semiconductors & semiconductor equipment and technology hardware & equipment surged by double digits, while software & services shares rose only 2%. Communication Services also outperformed, as Tencent (OTCPK:TCEHY) and Alphabet (GOOG,GOOGL) both rallied, offsetting underperformance by Meta Platforms (META). Energy and Materials both declined. Despite the strong showing of US tech companies, European markets outside the monetary union matched the returns of the US market. Within the eurozone markets fell, as election results weighed on returns in France and Germany. Japan also declined, unable to overcome the yen weakness. In Emerging Markets (EMs), Taiwan soared due to returns from chip powerhouse TSMC (TSM). Indian stocks recovered to new highs, and the heavyweight Chinese market rebounded with a 7% gain. These markets offset poor returns in other EMs such as Brazil and Mexico. As in the previous quarter, strong share-price gains from US-based heavyweights pushed indices higher and contributed to differing style returns. The MSCI World Index would have finished nearly flat without the positive contribution from Nvidia (NVDA), Apple (AAPL), and Alphabet. Shares of faster-growing companies once again outperformed their slower-growing peers, with the top quintile of growth stocks returning more than 11% while the other 80% of the market combined to return next to nothing. Stocks of higher-quality companies, characterized by lower leverage and more stable returns on capital, fared better than those of lower quality. The MSCI World Quality Index, which features large weights in Nvidia along with other tech companies, outperformed the core index by 300 basis points (bps). Cheaper stocks also lagged behind more expensive ones. In Japan, the return spread between the cheapest and most expensive quintiles was 700 bps, bringing the year-to-date gap to 1,100 bps. The Global Developed Markets Equity composite rose 2.5% gross of fees in the second quarter, just behind the 2.8% gain in the MSCI World Index. The portfolio nearly kept pace with the index despite not owning the single largest contributor to the index's rise: Nvidia. Investors, encouraged by another quarter of record sales and excited over a 10-to-1 share split, pushed the chipmaker's share price to new highs and its market capitalization to above US$3 trillion, as it vied with Apple and Microsoft for the title of world's most highly valued company. The negative selection effect from the absence of Nvidia was partially offset by other holdings in the IT sector that are part of the semiconductor value chain, including Applied Materials (AMAT), Broadcom (AVGO), and TSMC, all of which outperformed the sector and market. Relative returns were also hurt by our underweight to Apple, which rallied after unveiling a suite of new AI features for its phones, tablets, and laptop computers. Also within IT, our holdings in software and services underperformed. Shares of Salesforce (CRM) and Accenture (ACN) declined, before regaining some ground late in the quarter as management commentary during the companies' quarterly earnings suggested a coming wave of spending on AI. In Communication Services, Alphabet, Pinterest (PINS), and Tencent were significant positive contributors. Pinterest shares jumped after reporting year-over-year revenue growth of 23% for the first quarter, which exceeded the market's expectations and supports the thesis that the changes being implemented by the relatively new management team are leading to improved platform engagement and monetization. Alphabet's Google division said cloud revenue rose 28%, with strong growth from segments hosting AI capabilities. By region, the strength in tech hardware and relative weakness in software and services largely explains the negative contribution from the US. Second Quarter 2024 Performance Attribution Sector: Global Dev. Markets Equity Composite vs. MSCI World Index Geography: Global Dev. Markets Equity Composite vs. MSCI World Index In the EMU, Schneider Electric's (OTCPK:SBGSF) continued strength was offset by weak performance from Dutch payments processor Adyen (OTCPK:ADYEY). Schneider's position as the world's leader in electrification solutions was reaffirmed with its announcement of better-than-expected revenue and an increased backlog of orders. Adyen's shares fell after reporting 21% growth in first-quarter revenue, which was in-line with expectations. Its take rate fell, raising investor concerns that the company may be cutting prices in response to competitive pressure; however, we agree with management's interpretation that the fall in take rate was due to a temporary shift in its mix of clients to lower-margin large customers. The portfolio's off-benchmark EM stocks were helpful, particularly Taiwan's TSMC -- a key supplier to Nvidia -- as well as China's Tencent. Tencent reported that profitability improved across its business segments from better sales of higher-margin products, strong revenue growth in video advertising, as well as cost-cutting in its unprofitable divisions. Now that the economy and capital markets have recovered from the turmoil of COVID-19-related lockdowns and shortages, breathtaking innovations -- from generative AI to GLP-1 diabetes and obesity drugs -- are rekindling hope for great prosperity. Of course, not every discovery or newfangled technology moves the economic needle, but long-term prosperity is generally reliant on innovation. And although the threats of war, economic recession, and social unrest continue to loom, one lesson from the COVID-19 pandemic and every crisis before it is that if anything in the world is guaranteed, it's that the inherent ingenuity of humans will always lead to more innovation. Growth investing, which is predicated on exposure to continued waves of innovation, frequently has long periods of outperformance, and it is where an investor ought to want to be. The challenge is correctly identifying which growth companies will rise to the top, as a small proportion of stocks typically accounts for the vast majority of wealth creation. Even for the strongest companies, the pursuit of growth can be a treacherous journey. Just like the summer sunshine and heat, filled with joie de vivre, also delivers thunderstorms and hurricanes, the summer of growth equity -- if that's what this current market environment is -- can be full of surprises and setbacks, too. A common cause of value destruction that can surprise growth investors is competition. Naturally, promising fields attract ambitious minds, and the success of the companies they create invites competitors. To keep growing, a business must outrun its rivals. One of the great races of our time is the relentless pace of new AI capabilities and products being unveiled by tech startups and incumbents. A pivotal moment came in late 2022, when OpenAI, a startup backed by Microsoft (MSFT), launched its ChatGPT 3.5 generative-AI model, which can produce text responses to natural-language prompts. The consumer-friendly functionality of the chatbot made the wider world more aware and appreciative of the possibilities of generative AI, particularly for speeding up workplace processes. Since then, AI chatbots have advanced to generating images, short videos, and -- in the case of GPT-4o, released in May -- voice responses. Adobe (ADBE), the dominant provider of graphic-design software, is an example of a company trying to stay ahead in this race, as AI allows competitors such as the startup Canva to try to pitch users on an easier way to make content. However, Adobe's data prowess, scale, and copyright protections afford it a sizable advantage, which has been furthered by the strength of its own AI model and chat assistant, Firefly. The company recently raised full-year forecasts as Firefly begins to generate revenue. Not every race is as fast paced as the one unfolding for AI tools. Drug development, for example, moves slowly by technology's standards, yet the stakes are high and the process similarly nerve-racking. Consider the outcome of the competition between Vertex Pharmaceuticals (VRTX) and Merck (MRK) more than a decade ago over a new generation of medicines for hepatitis C. After many years of research and development, Vertex and Merck had produced rival drugs that were more effective at ridding patients of the virus than existing treatments. This led to both drugs winning US regulatory approval just days apart in 2011. But as the companies shifted their focus to marketing their therapies, another competitor, Pharmasset (later acquired by Gilead), unveiled a treatment that was significantly more effective. For Vertex and Merck, the race was over. They had no choice but to withdraw their drugs from the market. But even Gilead's monopoly position didn't last, as new entrants eventually delivered treatments with similar efficacy and safety profiles and made the rare industry move to compete on price. (Fortunately, Vertex's business was not devasted by the hepatitis C setback, due to the success of its drug for cystic fibrosis, which arrived around the same time and became a source of long-term growth.) Competition between companies is influenced not only by innovation but also by the competition between nations. One way to try and quantify that competition is the Nature Index, which is compiled by the publisher of the scientific journal Nature and tracks contributions to research articles published in the most reputable natural-science and health-science journals. It is a good indicator of a nation's capabilities in fundamental research, which is part of the ecosystem that supports innovation at the company level (other parts of the ecosystem include education and venture-capital spending). The index shows that China, which was a distant second in terms of research contributions in 2014, has risen over the past decade to stand neck and neck with the US. This is meaningful because the strength of fundamental research in the US and Europe over the last few decades -- centuries even -- has translated into enormous leads in the fields of technology and life science. Recently, however, we have started to see Chinese companies pull ahead in new industries such as electric vehicles, in part because of China's mastery of fundamental sciences and technologies, such as materials science and electrical control. This technological lead is one reason we don't invest in any European or Japanese car manufacturers, which were the frontrunners in the era of the internal combustion engine. Nature Index: Science papers credited to each country over the past eight years The "race" analogy shouldn't leave the impression that companies in each industry are all operating on the same racetrack, in which the routes, conditions, and rules are clear and fixed. The reality is that everything around them is always changing -- from technology to the climate to the world's economic order -- and so businesses must blaze their own trail. It's why we can't assume that the most profitable and fastest-growing businesses will stay that way forever. Today's winners will have to evolve accordingly to maintain their positions. Sometimes, this means using thoughtful mergers and acquisitions to entirely reinvent a business. Perhaps no company has done this more successfully than Danaher (DHR), which has come a long way from the small hodgepodge of manufacturing businesses that it once was. Sometime in the 1990s, the company began to recognize that the industry it was in, primarily automotive parts, was going to face challenges, and so it began using its cash flow to gradually acquire its way into slightly better businesses in the areas of science and technology. As a result of those many years of dealmaking, Danaher is now a leading global life science and diagnostic innovator with more than US$4 billion in annual profit. We can contrast Danaher with General Electric and 3M. They were great businesses 20 and 30 years ago, but their industries have matured and deteriorated, and neither company evolved. It is why they were sold from this portfolio long ago. Meanwhile, many of our holdings -- Thermo Fisher Scientific (TMO), Atlas Copco (OTCPK:ATLKY), and Schneider Electric, to name a few -- are those that, like Danaher, have adapted. Thermo Fisher, for example, went from selling the most basic health-care consumables, such as glassware and chemicals, to becoming a highly respected producer of high-end, cutting-edge life-science instruments, including mass spectrometers. Any one company is subject to perils, but that is why we have some 50 portfolio holdings. One of our firm's bedrock principles is an insistence on broad diversification and exposure to sectors around the world. Another is that we seek to own companies of the highest quality that can deliver sustained high profitability from riding these waves of innovation. Without quality, the duration of any growth would otherwise be called into question. That is why our research process is geared to search only for businesses that display financial strength, competent management teams, and a sustainable competitive advantage. By innovation, we also don't just mean AI and other headline-grabbing developments. Companies pioneering less widely known advances in their fields include Intuitive Surgical (ISRG) with its robotic-surgery capabilities, Tradeweb (TW) with its electronic-trading platform for the bond market, and Alcon (ALC) with its ophthalmology instruments. In each case, innovation is reinforcing the company's competitive advantages, which is translating to resilient profits and cash flows across economic cycles. We think it is through this combination of financial and business-franchise quality, innovative growth, and diversification that we can overcome the pitfalls of investing in a cycle of booms and busts. In 1967, leading scientists and engineers inside the Dutch conglomerate Philips had a tremendous achievement to showcase at the company's annual research exhibition. They had developed a six-barrel step-and-repeat camera system for semiconductor manufacturing -- essentially, the predecessor to the lithography machines used today. Although the exhibit initially attracted a large crowd of fellow researchers and top Philips executives, it wasn't long before the executives turned their attention to a nearby booth that was displaying new features of a different product, the washing machine. In the decades that followed, Philips became a leader in consumer electronics and health-care equipment, and the camera system technology -- a tiny moonshot project it never seemed to prioritize -- became ASML, a leading supplier of the intricate machinery used to produce semiconductor chips. The latter continued to take innovative leaps, and it has been rewarded. ASML now has a market value nearly 20 times larger than that of its former parent. This quarter, nothing -- certainly not washing machines -- could divert attention away from ASML or its peers Nvidia and TSMC. The three semiconductor stocks were responsible for a disproportionately large percentage of the overall market return. Two of them, ASML and TSMC, have been portfolio holdings since 2021, while we exited Nvidia in the first quarter after more than five years. Their strong performance is quite deserving, given that the competitive structure of their industry, oligopoly or near monopoly, is more favorable than most we encounter. But just a few years ago, as the personal computer and mobile phone cycles ran their course, the outlook for chip demand was much less sanguine. The tech world has long subscribed to Moore's Law, an observation and prediction that the number of transistors on an integrated circuit doubles every two years with a minimal rise in cost. But as it has become increasingly difficult and costly to shrink the size of transistors any further, the fear has been that without a technological breakthrough, the computational power of chips will hit a ceiling. One promising technology that has emerged to counter this fear is extreme ultraviolet ('EUV') lithography. Think of a lithography machine as a large camera that uses light to transfer precise patterns onto a wafer's surface, which is then diced into chips. The shorter wavelengths of EUV radiation can print a sharper image of tinier details, thus allowing for smaller transistors. But using a different light source also created a host of challenges that had to be solved. After spending years working to improve the performance of its EUV machines, from throughput to overlay accuracy to uptime, ASML has now shipped more than 100 of them to customers, with some configurations costing well north of US$100 million. As it was working to perfect these EUV machines, ASML also began to develop a next-generation technology called High NA (for numerical aperture), which can print even finer features on a wafer. After a decade of research and development, it shipped its first High NA machine in December 2023, leaving its competitors even further behind. With these tools, the semiconductor industry can potentially develop more powerful and energy-efficient chips to meet the surging demand for computing power coming from fields such as AI, autonomous driving, and the internet of things. Shrinking the transistor through innovations in lithography is still just one step to produce more powerful chips. The transistors also need to become more interconnected, thus allowing for a higher number of them to sit on a single chip (our Fundamental Thinking article " Third Law: How a Pair of Chip Companies Came to Hold the Keys to Everything" details this trend). In April, TSMC unveiled its plan to do this, which will advance chip technology by two generations -- from the current N3 (three nanometer), to N2, and then to A16 (meaning 1.6 nanometers, or 16 angstrom). Currently, a typical graphics processing unit (GPU) used to train an AI model has over 100 billion transistors. TSMC Chairman Mark Liu forecasts that within a decade that figure will rise to more than 1 trillion. Such a steep trajectory is a great manufacturing challenge, and if the company is successful, it will be a great testimony to TSMC's engineering capabilities. Even with such a formidable position, these industry leaders have had their share of ups and downs. We don't believe we can add much value in trying to predict industry cycles or time the tipping point of demand -- whether for hardware companies such as ASML and Nvidia or the software and IT services companies we wrote about last quarter, such as Adobe, Salesforce, Accenture, and Globant (GLOB). Earlier this year, several software and services companies reported disappointing earnings, as overall IT spending remains muted amid high interest rates and ongoing economic and geopolitical uncertainty. But secular growth appears to be underpinned by the innovations described above, as well as the race to introduce value-added tools that use AI to solve business problems. Although the market remains enamored with Nvidia, which trades at a high price-to-earnings ratio, we continue to believe that as large companies embrace generative AI, software and services businesses will become primary beneficiaries of the AI trend.

Harding Loevner Global Equity ADR Q2 2024 Report

Strong performance from Nvidia, TSMC, and ASML highlights the importance of innovation in semiconductors, while software and services are poised to benefit from AI advancements. Global equity markets inched higher this quarter, belying significant underlying divergence between sectors, as stellar returns in Information Technology, especially within the semiconductor industry, balanced out declines in other sectors. Monetary policies continued to diverge in developed markets. The US Federal Reserve maintained the federal funds rate within the range of 5.25% and 5.5%, reflecting a cautious stance aimed at containing inflation while supporting growth. Despite earlier forecasts suggesting multiple rate cuts in 2024, markets are now pricing in just two. The Bank of Japan also kept rates stable but further reduced its bond purchases; Governor Kazuo Ueda indicated that further rate hikes remain a possibility despite signs of economic weakness, including weak private consumption and rising living costs. In contrast, the European Central Bank lowered its key rate to 3.75% from 4%, making its first cut since 2019, even as wage cost pressures persist. There was little change to the shape of the US yield curve, which remains inverted at roughly the same level as the previous quarter, indicated by the 10-year minus 3-month spread. Such inversions, where short-term rates rise above long-term rates, has frequently occurred in advance of past recessions, and typically un-inverted soon before the recession's start. However, the current inversion has persisted for nearly two years, making it the longest in post-war history and casting doubt on its reliability as a recession indicator in the current context. MSCI ACWI Index Performance (USD %) While inflation appears under control in most countries and bond yields remain stable, recent election results have introduced new volatility in both developed and emerging markets. In Europe, far-right parties made significant gains in the parliamentary elections in the European Monetary Union ('EMU'). French President Emmanuel Macron reacted to his party's rout at the ballot box by hastily calling for snap legislative elections, prompting French markets to fall. In Germany, Chancellor Olaf Scholz's center-left Social Democrats also received a drubbing and are now polling behind the extreme-right wing Alternative for Germany (AfD) party, although with elections there more than a year away, markets were calmer. In another anti-incumbent outcome, the Labour party secured the majority in the UK Parliament, bringing an end to Conservative Rishi Sunak's 20-month tenure as Prime Minister, and to the Tories' 14-year hold on power. Indian markets cratered 6% immediately after Prime Minister Narendra Modi's Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) failed to secure a majority in that country's elections, which means that he will need to seek alliances across party lines to secure his third term, rather than govern untrammeled by the need for compromise. That reaction proved short-lived, however, as the market recovered to reach new highs by quarter-end. In Mexico, Claudia Sheinbaum's decisive victory over Xóchitl Gálvez led to a larger drop in Mexican stocks; investors braced for populist policies as her party's gains in the legislature may lead to an unconstrained majority. The ongoing weakness of the Japanese yen remained the headline story in currency markets, as it fell an additional 6% against the dollar, reaching its lowest level since 1990. The decline appears to be caused by local investors seeking higher real yields outside their domestic market, as policies remain targeted at stimulating inflation in the economy. Emerging market currencies in Latin America fared even worse: the Brazilian real and Mexican peso both dropped roughly 10%, weighed down by narrowing interest- rate differentials with the US dollar and, in the case of the peso, the election results. When viewed by sector, last quarter's pattern of strong gains in IT and Communication Services continued. IT was the best performing sector, though returns within the sector were bifurcated, as industries with direct artificial-intelligence beneficiaries such as semiconductors & semiconductor equipment and technology hardware & equipment surged by double digits, while software & services shares rose only 2%. Communication Services also outperformed, as Tencent (OTCPK:TCEHY) and Alphabet (GOOG,GOOGL) both rallied, offsetting underperformance by Meta Platforms (META). Energy and Materials both declined. Despite the strong showing of US tech companies, European markets outside the monetary union matched the returns of the US market. Within the eurozone markets fell, as election results weighed on returns in France and Germany. Japan also declined, unable to overcome the yen weakness. In Emerging Markets (EMs), Taiwan soared due to returns from chip powerhouse TSMC (TSM). Indian stocks recovered to new highs, and the heavyweight Chinese market rebounded with a 7% gain. These markets offset poor returns in other EMs such as Brazil and Mexico, which fell by 12% and 16% in US dollars, respectively. As in the previous quarter, strong share-price gains from US-based heavyweights pushed indices higher and contributed to differing style returns. The MSCI All Country World Index would have finished nearly flat without the positive contribution from Nvidia (NVDA), Apple (AAPL), and Alphabet. Shares of faster-growing companies once again outperformed their slower-growing peers, with the top quintile of growth stocks returning more than 11% while the other 80% of the market combined to return next to nothing. Stocks of higher-quality companies, characterized by lower leverage and more stable returns on capital, fared better than those of lower quality. The MSCI All Country World Quality Index, which features large weights in Nvidia along with other tech companies, outperformed the core index by over 300 basis points (bps). There was no clear pattern in returns based on expensiveness, except for the Japanese, Chinese, South Korean, and Indian markets, where cheaper stocks again outperformed more expensive ones. In Japan, the return spread between the cheapest and most expensive quintiles was 700 bps, bringing the year-to-date gap to 1,100 bps. The Global Equity ADR composite rose 2.90% gross of fees in the second quarter, nearly in line with the 3.01% gain in the MSCI All Country World Index. The portfolio kept pace with the index despite not owning the single largest contributor to the index's rise: Nvidia. Investors, encouraged by another quarter of record sales and excited over a 10-to-1 share split, pushed the chipmaker's share price to new highs and its market capitalization to above US$3 trillion, as it vied with Apple and Microsoft for the title of world's most highly valued company. The negative selection effect from the absence of Nvidia was partially offset by other holdings in the IT sector that are part of the semiconductor value chain, including Applied Materials (AMAT), Broadcom (AVGO), and TSMC, all of which outperformed the sector and market. Relative returns were also hurt by our underweight to Apple, which rallied after unveiling a suite of new AI features for its phones, tablets, and laptop computers. Also within IT, our holdings in software and services underperformed. Shares of Salesforce (CRM) and Accenture (ACN) declined, before regaining some ground late in the quarter as management commentary during the companies' quarterly earnings suggested a coming wave of spending on AI. Second Quarter 2024 Performance Attribution Sector: Global Equity ADR Composite vs. MSCI ACWI Index Geography: Global Equity ADR Composite vs. MSCI ACWI Index In Communication Services, Alphabet, Pinterest (PINS), and Tencent were significant positive contributors. Pinterest shares jumped after reporting year-over-year revenue growth of 23% for the first quarter, which exceeded the market's expectations and supports the thesis that the changes being implemented by the relatively new management team are leading to improved platform engagement and monetization. Alphabet's Google division said cloud revenue rose 28%, with strong growth from segments hosting AI capabilities. By region, the strength in tech hardware and relative weakness in software and services largely explains the negative contribution from the US. Our strong performance in EMs was due to Taiwan's TSMC -- a key supplier to Nvidia -- as well as China's Tencent. Tencent reported that profitability improved across its business segments from better sales of higher-margin products, strong revenue growth in video advertising, as well as cost-cutting in its unprofitable divisions. In the EMU, Schneider Electric's (OTCPK:SBGSF) continued strength was offset by weak performance from Dutch payments processor Adyen (OTCPK:ADYEY). Schneider's position as the world's leader in electrification solutions was reaffirmed with its announcement of better-than-expected revenue and an increased backlog of orders. Adyen's shares fell after reporting 21% growth in first-quarter revenue, which was in-line with expectations. Its take rate fell, raising investor concerns that the company may be cutting prices in response to competitive pressure; however, we agree with management's interpretation that the fall in take rate was due to a temporary shift in its mix of clients to lower-margin large customers. Now that the economy and capital markets have recovered from the turmoil of COVID-19-related lockdowns and shortages, breathtaking innovations -- from generative AI to GLP-1 diabetes and obesity drugs -- are rekindling hope for great prosperity. Of course, not every discovery or newfangled technology moves the economic needle, but long-term prosperity is generally reliant on innovation. And although the threats of war, economic recession, and social unrest continue to loom, one lesson from the COVID-19 pandemic and every crisis before it is that if anything in the world is guaranteed, it's that the inherent ingenuity of humans will always lead to more innovation. Growth investing, which is predicated on exposure to continued waves of innovation, frequently has long periods of outperformance, and it is where an investor ought to want to be. The challenge is correctly identifying which growth companies will rise to the top, as a small proportion of stocks typically accounts for the vast majority of wealth creation. Even for the strongest companies, the pursuit of growth can be a treacherous journey. Just like the summer sunshine and heat, filled with joie de vivre, also delivers thunderstorms and hurricanes, the summer of growth equity -- if that's what this current market environment is -- can be full of surprises and setbacks, too. A common cause of value destruction that can surprise growth investors is competition. Naturally, promising fields attract ambitious minds, and the success of the companies they create invites competitors. To keep growing, a business must outrun its rivals. One of the great races of our time is the relentless pace of new AI capabilities and products being unveiled by tech startups and incumbents. A pivotal moment came in late 2022, when OpenAI, a startup backed by Microsoft (MSFT), launched its ChatGPT 3.5 generative-AI model, which can produce text responses to natural-language prompts. The consumer-friendly functionality of the chatbot made the wider world more aware and appreciative of the possibilities of generative AI, particularly for speeding up workplace processes. Since then, AI chatbots have advanced to generating images, short videos, and -- in the case of GPT-4o, released in May -- voice responses. Adobe (ADBE), the dominant provider of graphic-design software, is an example of a company trying to stay ahead in this race, as AI allows competitors such as the startup Canva to try to pitch users on an easier way to make content. However, Adobe's data prowess, scale, and copyright protections afford it a sizable advantage, which has been furthered by the strength of its own AI model and chat assistant, Firefly. The company recently raised full-year forecasts as Firefly begins to generate revenue. Not every race is as fast paced as the one unfolding for AI tools. Drug development, for example, moves slowly by technology's standards, yet the stakes are high and the process similarly nerve-racking. Consider the outcome of the competition between Vertex Pharmaceuticals (VRTX) and Merck (MRK) more than a decade ago over a new generation of medicines for hepatitis C. After many years of research and development, Vertex and Merck had produced rival drugs that were more effective at ridding patients of the virus than existing treatments. This led to both drugs winning US regulatory approval just days apart in 2011. But as the companies shifted their focus to marketing their therapies, another competitor, Pharmasset (later acquired by Gilead), unveiled a treatment that was significantly more effective. For Vertex and Merck, the race was over. They had no choice but to withdraw their drugs from the market. But even Gilead's monopoly position didn't last, as new entrants eventually delivered treatments with similar efficacy and safety profiles and made the rare industry move to compete on price. (Fortunately, Vertex's business was not devasted by the hepatitis C setback, due to the success of its drug for cystic fibrosis, which arrived around the same time and became a source of long-term growth.) Nature Index: Science papers credited to each country over the past eight years Competition between companies is influenced not only by innovation but also by the competition between nations. One way to try and quantify that competition is the Nature Index, which is compiled by the publisher of the scientific journal Nature and tracks contributions to research articles published in the most reputable natural-science and health-science journals. It is a good indicator of a nation's capabilities in fundamental research, which is part of the ecosystem that supports innovation at the company level (other parts of the ecosystem include education and venture-capital spending). The index shows that China, which was a distant second in terms of research contributions in 2014, has risen over the past decade to stand neck and neck with the US. This is meaningful because the strength of fundamental research in the US and Europe over the last few decades -- centuries even -- has translated into enormous leads in the fields of technology and life science. Recently, however, we have started to see Chinese companies pull ahead in new industries such as electric vehicles, in part because of China's mastery of fundamental sciences and technologies, such as materials science and electrical control. This technological lead is one reason we don't invest in any European or Japanese car manufacturers, which were the frontrunners in the era of the internal combustion engine. The "race" analogy shouldn't leave the impression that companies in each industry are all operating on the same racetrack, in which the routes, conditions, and rules are clear and fixed. The reality is that everything around them is always changing -- from technology to the climate to the world's economic order -- and so businesses must blaze their own trail. It's why we can't assume that the most profitable and fastest-growing businesses will stay that way forever. Today's winners will have to evolve accordingly to maintain their positions. Sometimes, this means using thoughtful mergers and acquisitions to entirely reinvent a business. Perhaps no company has done this more successfully than Danaher (DHR), which has come a long way from the small hodgepodge of manufacturing businesses that it once was. Sometime in the 1990s, the company began to recognize that the industry it was in, primarily automotive parts, was going to face challenges, and so it began using its cash flow to gradually acquire its way into slightly better businesses in the areas of science and technology. As a result of those many years of dealmaking, Danaher is now a leading global life science and diagnostic innovator with more than US$4 billion in annual profit. We can contrast Danaher with General Electric (GE) and 3M (MMM). They were great businesses 20 and 30 years ago, but their industries have matured and deteriorated, and neither company evolved. It is why they were sold from this portfolio long ago. Meanwhile, many of our holdings -- Thermo Fisher Scientific (TMO), Atlas Copco (OTCPK:ATLKY), and Schneider Electric, to name a few -- are those that, like Danaher, have adapted. Thermo Fisher, for example, went from selling the most basic health-care consumables, such as glassware and chemicals, to becoming a highly respected producer of high-end, cutting-edge life-science instruments, including mass spectrometers. Any one company is subject to perils, but that is why we have some 50 portfolio holdings. One of our firm's bedrock principles is an insistence on broad diversification and exposure to sectors around the world. Another is that we seek to own companies of the highest quality that can deliver sustained high profitability from riding these waves of innovation. Without quality, the duration of any growth would otherwise be called into question. That is why our research process is geared to search only for businesses that display financial strength, competent management teams, and a sustainable competitive advantage. By innovation, we also don't just mean AI and other headline-grabbing developments. Companies pioneering less widely known advances in their fields include Intuitive Surgical (ISRG) with its robotic-surgery capabilities, Tradeweb (TW) with its electronic-trading platform for the bond market, and Alcon (ALC) with its ophthalmology instruments. In each case, innovation is reinforcing the company's competitive advantages, which is translating to resilient profits and cash flows across economic cycles. We think it is through this combination of financial and business-franchise quality, innovative growth, and diversification that we can overcome the pitfalls of investing in a cycle of booms and busts. In 1967, leading scientists and engineers inside the Dutch conglomerate Philips (PHG) had a tremendous achievement to showcase at the company's annual research exhibition. They had developed a six-barrel step-and-repeat camera system for semiconductor manufacturing -- essentially, the predecessor to the lithography machines used today. Although the exhibit initially attracted a large crowd of fellow researchers and top Philips executives, it wasn't long before the executives turned their attention to a nearby booth that was displaying new features of a different product, the washing machine. In the decades that followed, Philips became a leader in consumer electronics and health-care equipment, and the camera system technology -- a tiny moonshot project it never seemed to prioritize -- became ASML, a leading supplier of the intricate machinery used to produce semiconductor chips. The latter continued to take innovative leaps, and it has been rewarded. ASML now has a market value nearly 20 times larger than that of its former parent. This quarter, nothing -- certainly not washing machines -- could divert attention away from ASML or its peers Nvidia and TSMC. The three semiconductor stocks were responsible for a disproportionately large percentage of the overall market return. Two of them, ASML and TSMC, have been portfolio holdings since 2021, while we exited Nvidia in the first quarter after more than five years. Their strong performance is quite deserving, given that the competitive structure of their industry, oligopoly or near monopoly, is more favorable than most we encounter. But just a few years ago, as the personal computer and mobile phone cycles ran their course, the outlook for chip demand was much less sanguine. The tech world has long subscribed to Moore's Law, an observation and prediction that the number of transistors on an integrated circuit doubles every two years with a minimal rise in cost. But as it has become increasingly difficult and costly to shrink the size of transistors any further, the fear has been that without a technological breakthrough, the computational power of chips will hit a ceiling. One promising technology that has emerged to counter this fear is extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography. Think of a lithography machine as a large camera that uses light to transfer precise patterns onto a wafer's surface, which is then diced into chips. The shorter wavelengths of EUV radiation can print a sharper image of tinier details, thus allowing for smaller transistors. But using a ditterent light source also created a host of challenges that had to be solved. After spending years working to improve the performance of its EUV machines, from throughput to overlay accuracy to uptime, ASML has now shipped more than 100 of them to customers, with some configurations costing well north of US$100 million. As it was working to perfect these EUV machines, ASML also began to develop a next-generation technology called High NA (for numerical aperture), which can print even finer features on a wafer. After a decade of research and development, it shipped its first High NA machine in December 2023, leaving its competitors even further behind. With these tools, the semiconductor industry can potentially develop more powerful and energy-efficient chips to meet the surging demand for computing power coming from fields such as AI, autonomous driving, and the internet of things. Shrinking the transistor through innovations in lithography is still just one step to produce more powerful chips. The transistors also need to become more interconnected, thus allowing for a higher number of them to sit on a single chip (our Fundamental Thinking article " Third Law: How a Pair of Chip Companies Came to Hold the Keys to Everything" details this trend). In April, TSMC unveiled its plan to do this, which will advance chip technology by two generations -- from the current N3 (three nanometer), to N2, and then to A16 (meaning 1.6 nanometers, or 16 angstrom). Currently, a typical graphics processing unit (GPU) used to train an AI model has over 100 billion transistors. TSMC Chairman Mark Liu forecasts that within a decade that figure will rise to more than 1 trillion. Such a steep trajectory is a great manufacturing challenge, and if the company is successful, it will be a great testimony to TSMC's engineering capabilities. Even with such a formidable position, these industry leaders have had their share of ups and downs. We don't believe we can add much value in trying to predict industry cycles or time the tipping point of demand -- whether for hardware companies such as ASML and Nvidia or the software and IT services companies we wrote about last quarter, such as Adobe, Salesforce, Accenture, and Globant (GLOB). Earlier this year, several software and services companies reported disappointing earnings, as overall IT spending remains muted amid high interest rates and ongoing economic and geopolitical uncertainty. But secular growth appears to be underpinned by the innovations described above, as well as the race to introduce value-added tools that use AI to solve business problems. Although the market remains enamored with Nvidia, which trades at a high price-to-earnings ratio, we continue to believe that as large companies embrace generative AI, software and services businesses will become primary beneficiaries of the AI trend.

Harding Loevner Global Equity Q2 2024 Report

ASML's new lithography machines and TSMC's next-generation semiconductors are enabling the development of more powerful, energy-efficient chips. Global equity markets inched higher this quarter, belying significant underlying divergence between sectors, as stellar returns in Information Technology, especially within the semiconductor industry, balanced out declines in other sectors. Monetary policies continued to diverge in developed markets. The US Federal Reserve maintained the federal funds rate within the range of 5.25% and 5.5%, reflecting a cautious stance aimed at containing inflation while supporting growth. Despite earlier forecasts suggesting multiple rate cuts in 2024, markets are now pricing in just two. The Bank of Japan also kept rates stable but further reduced its bond purchases; Governor Kazuo Ueda indicated that further rate hikes remain a possibility despite signs of economic weakness, including weak private consumption and rising living costs. In contrast, the European Central Bank lowered its key rate to 3.75% from 4%, making its first cut since 2019, even as wage cost pressures persist. There was little change to the shape of the US yield curve, which remains inverted at roughly the same level as the previous quarter, indicated by the 10-year minus 3-month spread. Such inversions, where short-term rates rise above long-term rates, has frequently occurred in advance of past recessions, and typically un-inverted soon before the recession's start. However, the current inversion has persisted for nearly two years, making it the longest in post-war history and casting doubt on its reliability as a recession indicator in the current context. MSCI ACWI Index Performance (USD %) While inflation appears under control in most countries and bond yields remain stable, recent election results have introduced new volatility in both developed and emerging markets. In Europe, far-right parties made significant gains in the parliamentary elections in the European Monetary Union ('EMU'). French President Emmanuel Macron reacted to his party's rout at the ballot box by hastily calling for snap legislative elections, prompting French markets to fall. In Germany, Chancellor Olaf Scholz's center-left Social Democrats also received a drubbing and are now polling behind the extreme-right wing Alternative for Germany (AfD) party, although with elections there more than a year away, markets were calmer. In another anti-incumbent outcome, the Labour party secured the majority in the UK Parliament, bringing an end to Conservative Rishi Sunak's 20-month tenure as Prime Minister, and to the Tories' 14-year hold on power. Indian markets cratered 6% immediately after Prime Minister Narendra Modi's Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) failed to secure a majority in that country's elections, which means that he will need to seek alliances across party lines to secure his third term, rather than govern untrammeled by the need for compromise. That reaction proved short-lived, however, as the market recovered to reach new highs by quarter-end. In Mexico, Claudia Sheinbaum's decisive victory over Xóchitl Gálvez led to a larger drop in Mexican stocks; investors braced for populist policies as her party's gains in the legislature may lead to an unconstrained majority. The ongoing weakness of the Japanese yen remained the headline story in currency markets, as it fell an additional 6% against the dollar, reaching its lowest level since 1990. The decline appears to be caused by local investors seeking higher real yields outside their domestic market, as policies remain targeted at stimulating inflation in the economy. Emerging market currencies in Latin America fared even worse: the Brazilian real and Mexican peso both dropped roughly 10%, weighed down by narrowing interest-rate differentials with the US dollar and, in the case of the peso, the election results. When viewed by sector, last quarter's pattern of strong gains in IT and Communication Services continued. IT was the best performing sector, though returns within the sector were bifurcated, as industries with direct artificial-intelligence beneficiaries such as semiconductors & semiconductor equipment and technology hardware & equipment surged by double digits, while software & services shares rose only 2%. Communication Services also outperformed, as Tencent (OTCPK:TCEHY) and Alphabet (GOOG,GOOGL) both rallied, offsetting underperformance by Meta Platforms (META). Energy and Materials both declined. Despite the strong showing of US tech companies, European markets outside the monetary union matched the returns of the US market. Within the eurozone markets fell, as election results weighed on returns in France and Germany. Japan also declined, unable to overcome the yen weakness. In Emerging Markets (EMs), Taiwan soared due to returns from chip powerhouse TSMC (TSM). Indian stocks recovered to new highs, and the heavyweight Chinese market rebounded with a 7% gain. These markets offset poor returns in other EMs such as Brazil and Mexico, which fell by 12% and 16% in US dollars, respectively. As in the previous quarter, strong share-price gains from US-based heavyweights pushed indices higher and contributed to differing style returns. The MSCI All Country World Index would have finished nearly flat without the positive contribution from Nvidia (NVDA) , Apple (AAPL), and Alphabet. Shares of faster-growing companies once again outperformed their slower-growing peers, with the top quintile of growth stocks returning more than 11% while the other 80% of the market combined to return next to nothing. Stocks of higher-quality companies, characterized by lower leverage and more stable returns on capital, fared better than those of lower quality. The MSCI All Country World Quality Index, which features large weights in Nvidia along with other tech companies, outperformed the core index by over 300 basis points (bps). There was no clear pattern in returns based on expensiveness, except for the Japanese, Chinese, South Korean, and Indian markets, where cheaper stocks again outperformed more expensive ones. In Japan, the return spread between the cheapest and most expensive quintiles was 700 bps, bringing the year-to-date gap to 1,100 bps. The Global Equity composite rose 2.97% gross of fees in the second quarter, in line with the 3.01% gain in the MSCI All Country World Index. The portfolio kept pace with the index despite not owning the single largest contributor to the index's rise: Nvidia. Investors, encouraged by another quarter of record sales and excited over a 10-to-1 share split, pushed the chipmaker's share price to new highs and its market capitalization to above US$3 trillion, as it vied with Apple and Microsoft (MSFT) for the title of world's most highly valued company. The negative selection effect from the absence of Nvidia was partially offset by other holdings in the IT sector that are part of the semiconductor value chain, including Applied Materials (AMAT), Broadcom (AVGO), and TSMC, all of which outperformed the sector and market. Relative returns were also hurt by our underweight to Apple (AAPL), which rallied after unveiling a suite of new AI features for its phones, tablets, and laptop computers. Also within IT, our holdings in software and services underperformed. Shares of Salesforce (CRM) and Accenture (ACN) declined, before regaining some ground late in the quarter as management commentary during the companies' quarterly earnings suggested a coming wave of spending on AI. In Communication Services, Alphabet, Pinterest (PINS), and Tencent were significant positive contributors. Pinterest shares jumped after reporting year-over-year revenue growth of 23% for the first quarter, which exceeded the market's expectations and supports the thesis that the changes being implemented by the relatively new management team are leading to improved platform engagement and monetization. Alphabet's Google division said cloud revenue rose 28%, with strong growth from segments hosting AI capabilities. By region, the strength in tech hardware and relative weakness in software and services largely explains the negative contribution from the US. Our strong performance in EMs was due to Taiwan's TSMC -- a key supplier to Nvidia -- as well as China's Tencent. Tencent reported that profitability improved across its business segments from better sales of higher-margin products, strong revenue growth in video advertising, as well as cost-cutting in its unprofitable divisions. In the EMU, Schneider Electric's (OTCPK:SBGSF) continued strength was offset by weak performance from Dutch payments processor Adyen. (OTCPK:ADYEY) Schneider's position as the world's leader in electrification solutions was reaffirmed with its announcement of better-than-expected revenue and an increased backlog of orders. Adyen's shares fell after reporting 21% growth in first-quarter revenue, which was in- line with expectations. Its take rate fell, raising investor concerns that the company may be cutting prices in response to competitive pressure; however, we agree with management's interpretation that the fall in take rate was due to a temporary shift in its mix of clients to lower-margin large customers. Now that the economy and capital markets have recovered from the turmoil of COVID-19-related lockdowns and shortages, breathtaking innovations -- from generative AI to GLP-1 diabetes and obesity drugs -- are rekindling hope for great prosperity. Of course, not every discovery or newfangled technology moves the economic needle, but long-term prosperity is generally reliant on innovation. And although the threats of war, economic recession, and social unrest continue to loom, one lesson from the COVID-19 pandemic and every crisis before it is that if anything in the world is guaranteed, it's that the inherent ingenuity of humans will always lead to more innovation. Growth investing, which is predicated on exposure to continued waves of innovation, frequently has long periods of outperformance, and it is where an investor ought to want to be. The challenge is correctly identifying which growth companies will rise to the top, as a small proportion of stocks typically accounts for the vast majority of wealth creation. Even for the strongest companies, the pursuit of growth can be a treacherous journey. Just like the summer sunshine and heat, filled with joie de vivre, also delivers thunderstorms and hurricanes, the summer of growth equity -- if that's what this current market environment is -- can be full of surprises and setbacks, too. A common cause of value destruction that can surprise growth investors is competition. Naturally, promising fields attract ambitious minds, and the success of the companies they create invites competitors. To keep growing, a business must outrun its rivals. One of the great races of our time is the relentless pace of new AI capabilities and products being unveiled by tech startups and incumbents. A pivotal moment came in late 2022, when OpenAI, a startup backed by Microsoft, launched its ChatGPT 3.5 generative-AI model, which can produce text responses to natural-language prompts. The consumer-friendly functionality of the chatbot made the wider world more aware and appreciative of the possibilities of generative AI, particularly for speeding up workplace processes. Since then, AI chatbots have advanced to generating images, short videos, and -- in the case of GPT-4o, released in May -- voice responses. Adobe (ADBE), the dominant provider of graphic-design software, is an example of a company trying to stay ahead in this race, as AI allows competitors such as the startup Canva to try to pitch users on an easier way to make content. However, Adobe's data prowess, scale, and copyright protections attord it a sizable advantage, which has been furthered by the strength of its own AI model and chat assistant, Firefly. The company recently raised full-year forecasts as Firefly begins to generate revenue. Not every race is as fast paced as the one unfolding for AI tools. Drug development, for example, moves slowly by technology's standards, yet the stakes are high and the process similarly nerve-racking. Consider the outcome of the competition between Vertex Pharmaceuticals (VRTX) and Merck (MRK) more than a decade ago over a new generation of medicines for hepatitis C. After many years of research and development, Vertex and Merck had produced rival drugs that were more effective at ridding patients of the virus than existing treatments. This led to both drugs winning US regulatory approval just days apart in 2011. But as the companies shifted their focus to marketing their therapies, another competitor, Pharmasset (later acquired by Gilead), unveiled a treatment that was significantly more effective. For Vertex and Merck, the race was over. They had no choice but to withdraw their drugs from the market. But even Gilead's monopoly position didn't last, as new entrants eventually delivered treatments with similar efficacy and safety profiles and made the rare industry move to compete on price. (Fortunately, Vertex's business was not devasted by the hepatitis C setback, due to the success of its drug for cystic fibrosis, which arrived around the same time and became a source of long-term growth.) Nature Index: Science papers credited to each country over the past eight years Competition between companies is influenced not only by innovation but also by the competition between nations. One way to try and quantify that competition is the Nature Index, which is compiled by the publisher of the scientific journal Nature and tracks contributions to research articles published in the most reputable natural-science and health-science journals. It is a good indicator of a nation's capabilities in fundamental research, which is part of the ecosystem that supports innovation at the company level (other parts of the ecosystem include education and venture-capital spending). The index shows that China, which was a distant second in terms of research contributions in 2014, has risen over the past decade to stand neck and neck with the US. This is meaningful because the strength of fundamental research in the US and Europe over the last few decades -- centuries even -- has translated into enormous leads in the fields of technology and life science. Recently, however, we have started to see Chinese companies pull ahead in new industries such as electric vehicles, in part because of China's mastery of fundamental sciences and technologies, such as materials science and electrical control. This technological lead is one reason we don't invest in any European or Japanese car manufacturers, which were the frontrunners in the era of the internal combustion engine. The "race" analogy shouldn't leave the impression that companies in each industry are all operating on the same racetrack, in which the routes, conditions, and rules are clear and fixed. The reality is that everything around them is always changing -- from technology to the climate to the world's economic order -- and so businesses must blaze their own trail. It's why we can't assume that the most profitable and fastest-growing businesses will stay that way forever. Today's winners will have to evolve accordingly to maintain their positions. Sometimes, this means using thoughtful mergers and acquisitions to entirely reinvent a business. Perhaps no company has done this more successfully than Danaher (DHR), which has come a long way from the small hodgepodge of manufacturing businesses that it once was. Sometime in the 1990s, the company began to recognize that the industry it was in, primarily automotive parts, was going to face challenges, and so it began using its cash flow to gradually acquire its way into slightly better businesses in the areas of science and technology. As a result of those many years of dealmaking, Danaher is now a leading global life science and diagnostic innovator with more than US$4 billion in annual profit. We can contrast Danaher with General Electric (GE) and 3M (MMM). They were great businesses 20 and 30 years ago, but their industries have matured and deteriorated, and neither company evolved. It is why they were sold from this portfolio long ago. Meanwhile, many of our holdings -- Thermo Fisher Scientific (TMO), Atlas Copco (OTCPK:ATLKY), and Schneider Electric, to name a few -- are those that, like Danaher, have adapted. Thermo Fisher, for example, went from selling the most basic health-care consumables, such as glassware and chemicals, to becoming a highly respected producer of high-end, cutting-edge life-science instruments, including mass spectrometers. Any one company is subject to perils, but that is why we have some 50 portfolio holdings. One of our firm's bedrock principles is an insistence on broad diversification and exposure to sectors around the world. Another is that we seek to own companies of the highest quality that can deliver sustained high profitability from riding these waves of innovation. Without quality, the duration of any growth would otherwise be called into question. That is why our research process is geared to search only for businesses that display financial strength, competent management teams, and a sustainable competitive advantage. By innovation, we also don't just mean AI and other headline-grabbing developments. Companies pioneering less widely known advances in their fields include Intuitive Surgical (ISRG) with its robotic-surgery capabilities, Tradeweb (TW) with its electronic-trading platform for the bond market, and Alcon (ALC) with its ophthalmology instruments. In each case, innovation is reinforcing the company's competitive advantages, which is translating to resilient profits and cash flows across economic cycles. We think it is through this combination of financial and business-franchise quality, innovative growth, and diversification that we can overcome the pitfalls of investing in a cycle of booms and busts. In 1967, leading scientists and engineers inside the Dutch conglomerate Philips (PHG) had a tremendous achievement to showcase at the company's annual research exhibition. They had developed a six-barrel step-and-repeat camera system for semiconductor manufacturing -- essentially, the predecessor to the lithography machines used today. Although the exhibit initially attracted a large crowd of fellow researchers and top Philips executives, it wasn't long before the executives turned their attention to a nearby booth that was displaying new features of a different product, the washing machine. In the decades that followed, Philips became a leader in consumer electronics and health-care equipment, and the camera system technology -- a tiny moonshot project it never seemed to prioritize -- became ASML, a leading supplier of the intricate machinery used to produce semiconductor chips. The latter continued to take innovative leaps, and it has been rewarded. ASML now has a market value nearly 20 times larger than that of its former parent. This quarter, nothing -- certainly not washing machines -- could divert attention away from ASML or its peers Nvidia and TSMC. The three semiconductor stocks were responsible for a disproportionately large percentage of the overall market return. Two of them, ASML and TSMC, have been portfolio holdings since 2021, while we exited Nvidia in the first quarter after more than five years. Their strong performance is quite deserving, given that the competitive structure of their industry, oligopoly or near monopoly, is more favorable than most we encounter. But just a few years ago, as the personal computer and mobile phone cycles ran their course, the outlook for chip demand was much less sanguine. The tech world has long subscribed to Moore's Law, an observation and prediction that the number of transistors on an integrated circuit doubles every two years with a minimal rise in cost. But as it has become increasingly difficult and costly to shrink the size of transistors any further, the fear has been that without a technological breakthrough, the computational power of chips will hit a ceiling. One promising technology that has emerged to counter this fear is extreme ultraviolet ('EUV') lithography. Think of a lithography machine as a large camera that uses light to transfer precise patterns onto a wafer's surface, which is then diced into chips. The shorter wavelengths of EUV radiation can print a sharper image of tinier details, thus allowing for smaller transistors. But using a different light source also created a host of challenges that had to be solved. After spending years working to improve the performance of its EUV machines, from throughput to overlay accuracy to uptime, ASML has now shipped more than 100 of them to customers, with some configurations costing well north of US$100 million. As it was working to perfect these EUV machines, ASML also began to develop a next-generation technology called High NA (for numerical aperture), which can print even finer features on a wafer. After a decade of research and development, it shipped its first High NA machine in December 2023, leaving its competitors even further behind. With these tools, the semiconductor industry can potentially develop more powerful and energy-efficient chips to meet the surging demand for computing power coming from fields such as AI, autonomous driving, and the internet of things. Shrinking the transistor through innovations in lithography is still just one step to produce more powerful chips. The transistors also need to become more interconnected, thus allowing for a higher number of them to sit on a single chip (our Fundamental Thinking article"Third Law: How a Pair of Chip Companies Came to Hold the Keys to Everything" details this trend). In April, TSMC unveiled its plan to do this, which will advance chip technology by two generations -- from the current N3 (three nanometer), to N2, and then to A16 (meaning 1.6 nanometers, or 16 angstrom). Currently, a typical graphics processing unit (GPU) used to train an AI model has over 100 billion transistors. TSMC Chairman Mark Liu forecasts that within a decade that figure will rise to more than 1 trillion. Such a steep trajectory is a great manufacturing challenge, and if the company is successful, it will be a great testimony to TSMC's engineering capabilities. Even with such a formidable position, these industry leaders have had their share of ups and downs. We don't believe we can add much value in trying to predict industry cycles or time the tipping point of demand -- whether for hardware companies such as ASML and Nvidia or the software and IT services companies we wrote about last quarter, such as Adobe, Salesforce, Accenture, and Globant (GLOB). Earlier this year, several software and services companies reported disappointing earnings, as overall IT spending remains muted amid high interest rates and ongoing economic and geopolitical uncertainty. But secular growth appears to be underpinned by the innovations described above, as well as the race to introduce value-added tools that use AI to solve business problems. Although the market remains enamored with Nvidia, which trades at a high price-to-earnings ratio, we continue to believe that as large companies embrace generative AI, software and services businesses will become primary beneficiaries of the AI trend.