Ireland's Data Regulator Launches Investigation into X's Use of EU User Data for AI Training

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Ireland's Data Protection Commission has opened an inquiry into X (formerly Twitter) over potential GDPR violations related to the use of European users' public posts to train its AI chatbot, Grok.

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Ireland's Data Protection Commission Launches Investigation into X

Ireland's Data Protection Commission (DPC) has initiated an investigation into X (formerly Twitter) over potential violations of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) concerning the use of European users' public posts to train its AI chatbot, Grok 123.

Background and Scope of the Investigation

The inquiry focuses on X Internet Unlimited Company (XIUC), the Irish entity responsible for Elon Musk's social media platform. The DPC aims to determine whether XIUC's processing of publicly accessible posts from EU/EEA users to train Grok AI models complies with GDPR requirements 2.

This investigation follows a previous court case in 2024, where the DPC sought to restrict X from processing EU user data for AI training purposes. Although X agreed to stop training its AI systems using personal data collected from EU users without consent, the current probe suggests potential ongoing concerns 3.

Potential Consequences and Regulatory Power

As the lead EU regulator for X due to its European headquarters in Dublin, the DPC has the authority to impose fines of up to 4% of a company's global revenue for GDPR violations 13. This investigation adds to the growing scrutiny of AI companies' data processing practices in the EU.

X's AI Ambitions and Data Usage

X has been utilizing user-generated content, including public posts, profiles, and user interactions, to train machine learning models for Grok. The platform initially opted users in by default, raising privacy concerns 2. In March 2025, xAI, Musk's AI company, acquired X in an all-stock deal valued at $33 billion, further integrating the data source and AI development 2.

Broader Context of EU Regulations and Investigations

This inquiry is part of a larger trend of EU regulators scrutinizing AI companies' data practices. For instance, OpenAI has faced GDPR complaints regarding ChatGPT's accuracy and data correction capabilities 2. The EU has also become the first jurisdiction to pass comprehensive AI legislation with the Artificial Intelligence Act 2.

International Implications and Trade Tensions

The investigation coincides with rising transatlantic trade tensions, including fluctuating US tariff policies and potential EU countermeasures targeting US companies. While there's no direct connection between these developments and the DPC's probe, the timing adds an interesting dimension to the ongoing regulatory landscape 2.

Industry Response and Next Steps

Neither the DPC nor X has provided additional comments on the timing or scope of the investigation 24. As the inquiry unfolds, it will likely have significant implications for how AI companies handle user data in the EU and potentially influence global data protection practices in AI development.

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