9 Sources
[1]
Amazon engineers say AI has turned coding into an assembly line
A hot potato: Software engineers at Amazon are experiencing mounting pressure as artificial intelligence becomes central to their daily work, fundamentally altering how they write code, collaborate, and advance in their careers. Over the past year, managers have raised expectations and shortened deadlines, pushing engineers to adopt AI-powered tools like Microsoft's Copilot and Amazon's assistants to keep up with a relentless pace. Teams that once counted a dozen developers have been cut in half, yet the volume of code they're expected to deliver remains unchanged - a shift that one engineer described to the New York Times as "building a feature for the website used to take a few weeks; now it must often be done within a few days." This transformation is not just about speed. Engineers say the nature of their work is changing, with thoughtful programming giving way to a process that feels more like an assembly line. "It's more enjoyable to write code than to review it," Simon Willison, a programmer and AI enthusiast, told The NYT. "When you're working with these tools, [code review] is most of the job." Many engineers now spend less time brainstorming and more time reviewing and validating code generated by AI, a move that leaves some feeling like bystanders in their own roles. Amazon's leadership sees these changes as essential for staying ahead in a fiercely competitive industry. CEO Andy Jassy told shareholders that generative AI delivers "big returns for companies that use it for productivity and cost avoidance," and called for faster work to prevent competitors from gaining ground. Jassy cited coding as an area where AI would "change the norms" and pointed to Amazon Q, the company's internal AI assistant, which has helped cut the average time to upgrade an application from 50 developer days to just a few hours. According to Jassy, these improvements have saved the company the equivalent of 4,500 developer years and produced an estimated $260 million in annualized efficiency gains. Nearly 80 percent of AI-generated code reviews shipped without further changes. Other tech giants are following suit. Shopify's CEO told employees that AI use is now a "baseline expectation" and will be factored into performance reviews, while Google announced a hackathon focused on building AI tools to boost productivity, with winning teams set to receive $10,000. At Google, more than 30 percent of code is now suggested by AI and accepted by developers. While some managers argue that AI frees engineers from tedious tasks and enables more interesting work, not all employees are convinced. The pressure to deliver at this new speed has left some coders drawing parallels to the automation wave that changed Amazon's warehouses, where robots made work more repetitive and physically demanding. Engineers told the New York Times that, while using AI is technically optional, it has become necessary to meet output goals that affect their performance reviews. The new standard has also raised concerns about career development, especially for junior engineers. Tasks like drafting memos and testing software - once valuable opportunities for learning - are increasingly automated. One engineer said that automating these functions could deprive junior developers of the know-how they need to get promoted. Amazon maintains that collaboration and experimentation remain important and that AI is intended to augment, not replace, engineers' expertise. The broader impact of AI on the profession is still unfolding. In 2024, Amazon's cloud computing chief, Matt Garman, predicted that within two years, many software engineers might not be coding at all, but instead focusing on understanding customer needs and building innovative solutions, as AI handles the bulk of traditional programming tasks. Meanwhile, the rapid adoption of AI has sparked fresh anxieties among Amazon employees. A group called Amazon Employees for Climate Justice has become a forum for discussing the stress of AI-driven work, alongside concerns about the environmental impact of the company's growing data center operations. "The concerns have revolved around 'what their careers will look like,'" said Eliza Pan, a former Amazon employee and spokesperson for the group. "And not just their careers, but the quality of the work."
[2]
"Like an assembly line": Amazon engineers feel squeezed...
A hot potato: Software engineers at Amazon are experiencing mounting pressure as artificial intelligence becomes central to their daily work, fundamentally altering how they write code, collaborate, and advance in their careers. Over the past year, managers have raised expectations and shortened deadlines, pushing engineers to adopt AI-powered tools like Microsoft's Copilot and Amazon's assistants to keep up with a relentless pace. Teams that once counted a dozen developers have been cut in half, yet the volume of code they're expected to deliver remains unchanged - a shift that one engineer described to the New York Times as "building a feature for the website used to take a few weeks; now it must often be done within a few days." This transformation is not just about speed. Engineers say the nature of their work is changing, with thoughtful programming giving way to a process that feels more like an assembly line. "It's more enjoyable to write code than to review it," Simon Willison, a programmer and AI enthusiast, told The NYT. "When you're working with these tools, [code review] is most of the job." Many engineers now spend less time brainstorming and more time reviewing and validating code generated by AI, a move that leaves some feeling like bystanders in their own roles. Amazon's leadership sees these changes as essential for staying ahead in a fiercely competitive industry. CEO Andy Jassy told shareholders that generative AI delivers "big returns for companies that use it for productivity and cost avoidance," and called for faster work to prevent competitors from gaining ground. Jassy cited coding as an area where AI would "change the norms" and pointed to Amazon Q, the company's internal AI assistant, which has helped cut the average time to upgrade an application from 50 developer days to just a few hours. According to Jassy, these improvements have saved the company the equivalent of 4,500 developer years and produced an estimated $260 million in annualized efficiency gains. Nearly 80 percent of AI-generated code reviews shipped without further changes. Other tech giants are following suit. Shopify's CEO told employees that AI use is now a "baseline expectation" and will be factored into performance reviews, while Google announced a hackathon focused on building AI tools to boost productivity, with winning teams set to receive $10,000. At Google, more than 30 percent of code is now suggested by AI and accepted by developers. While some managers argue that AI frees engineers from tedious tasks and enables more interesting work, not all employees are convinced. The pressure to deliver at this new speed has left some coders drawing parallels to the automation wave that changed Amazon's warehouses, where robots made work more repetitive and physically demanding. Engineers told the New York Times that, while using AI is technically optional, it has become necessary to meet output goals that affect their performance reviews. The new standard has also raised concerns about career development, especially for junior engineers. Tasks like drafting memos and testing software - once valuable opportunities for learning - are increasingly automated. One engineer said that automating these functions could deprive junior developers of the know-how they need to get promoted. Amazon maintains that collaboration and experimentation remain important and that AI is intended to augment, not replace, engineers' expertise. The broader impact of AI on the profession is still unfolding. In 2024, Amazon's cloud computing chief, Matt Garman, predicted that within two years, many software engineers might not be coding at all, but instead focusing on understanding customer needs and building innovative solutions, as AI handles the bulk of traditional programming tasks. Meanwhile, the rapid adoption of AI has sparked fresh anxieties among Amazon employees. A group called Amazon Employees for Climate Justice has become a forum for discussing the stress of AI-driven work, alongside concerns about the environmental impact of the company's growing data center operations. "The concerns have revolved around 'what their careers will look like,'" said Eliza Pan, a former Amazon employee and spokesperson for the group. "And not just their careers, but the quality of the work." Permalink to story:
[3]
At Amazon, Some Coders Say Their Jobs Have Begun to Resemble Warehouse Work
Noam Scheiber has reported on working conditions at Amazon for more than six years. Since at least the industrial revolution, workers have worried that machines would replace them. But when technology transformed auto-making, meatpacking and even secretarial work, the response typically wasn't to slash jobs and reduce the number of workers. It was to "degrade" the jobs, breaking them into simpler tasks to be performed over and over at a rapid clip. Small shops of skilled mechanics gave way to hundreds of workers spread across an assembly line. The personal secretary gave way to pools of typists and data-entry clerks. The workers "complained of speed-up, work intensification, and work degradation," as the labor historian Jason Resnikoff described it. Something similar appears to be happening with artificial intelligence in one of the fields where it has been most widely adopted: coding. As A.I. spreads through the labor force, many white-collar workers have expressed concern that it would lead to mass unemployment. But while joblessness has ticked up and widespread layoffs might eventually come, the more immediate downside for software engineers appears to be a change in the quality of their work. Some say it is becoming more routine, less thoughtful and, crucially, much faster paced. Companies seem to be persuaded that, like assembly lines of old, A.I. can increase productivity. A recent paper by researchers at Microsoft and three universities found that programmers' use of an A.I. coding assistant called Copilot, which proposes snippets of code that they can accept or reject, increased a key measure of output more than 25 percent. At Amazon, which is making big investments in generative A.I., the culture of coding is changing rapidly. In his recent letter to shareholders, Andy Jassy, the chief executive, wrote that generative A.I. was yielding big returns for companies that use it for "productivity and cost avoidance." He said working faster was essential because competitors would gain ground if Amazon doesn't give customers what they want "as quickly as possible" and cited coding as an activity where A.I. would "change the norms." Those changing norms have not always been eagerly embraced. Three Amazon engineers said that managers had increasingly pushed them to use A.I. in their work over the past year. The engineers said that the company had raised output goals and had become less forgiving about deadlines. It has even encouraged coders to gin up new A.I. productivity tools at an upcoming hackathon, an internal coding competition. One Amazon engineer said his team was roughly half the size it had been last year, but it was expected to produce roughly the same amount of code by using A.I. Amazon said it conducts regular reviews to make sure teams are adequately staffed and may increase their size if necessary. "We'll continue to adapt how we incorporate Gen A.I. into our processes," Brad Glasser, an Amazon spokesman, said. Other tech companies are moving in the same direction. In a memo to employees in April, the chief executive of Shopify, a company that helps entrepreneurs build and manage e-commerce websites, announced that "A.I. usage is now a baseline expectation" and that the company would "add A.I. usage questions" to performance reviews. Google recently told employees it would soon hold a companywide hackathon in which one category would be creating A.I. tools that could "enhance their overall daily productivity," according to an internal announcement. Winning teams will receive $10,000. A Google spokesman noted that more than 30 percent of the company's code is now suggested by A.I. and accepted by developers. The shift has not been all negative for workers. At Amazon and other companies, managers argue that A.I. can relieve employees of tedious tasks and enable them to perform more interesting work. Mr. Jassy wrote last year that the company had saved "the equivalent of 4,500 developer-years" by using A.I. to do the thankless work of upgrading old software. Eliminating such tedious work may benefit a subset of accomplished programmers, said Lawrence Katz, a labor economist at Harvard University who has tracked research on the subject closely. But for inexperienced programmers, the result of introducing A.I. can resemble the shift from artisanal work to factory work in the 19th and 20th centuries. "Things look like a speed-up for knowledge workers," Dr. Katz said, describing preliminary evidence from ongoing research. "There is a sense that the employer can pile on more stuff." Bystanders in Their Own Jobs The automation of coding has special resonance for Amazon engineers, who have watched their blue-collar counterparts undergo a similar transition. For years, many workers at Amazon warehouses walked miles each day to track down inventory. But over the past decade, Amazon has increasingly relied on so-called robotics warehouses, where pickers stand in one spot and pull inventory off shelves delivered to them by lawn-mower-like robots, no walking necessary. Behind the Journalism Our business coverage. Times journalists are not allowed to have any direct financial stake in companies they cover. Here's more on our standards and practices. The robots generally haven't displaced humans; Amazon said it has hired hundreds of thousands of warehouse workers since their introduction, while creating many new skilled roles. But the robots have increased the number of items each worker can pick to hundreds from dozens an hour. Some workers complain that the robots have also made the job hyper-repetitive and physically taxing. Amazon says it provides regular breaks and cites positive feedback from workers about its cutting edge robots. The Amazon engineers said this transition was on their minds as the company urged them to rely more on A.I. They said that, while doing so was technically optional, they had little choice if they wanted to keep up with their output goals, which affect their performance reviews. The expectations have sped up rapidly. One engineer said that building a feature for the website used to take a few weeks; now it must frequently be done within a few days. He said this is possible only by using A.I. to help automate the coding and by cutting down on meetings with colleagues to solicit feedback and explore alternative ideas. (A second engineer said her efficiency gains from using A.I. were more modest; different teams use the tools more or less intensively.) The new approach to coding at many companies has, in effect, eliminated much of the time the developer spends reflecting on his or her work. "It used to be that you had a lot of slack because you were doing a complicated project -- it would maybe take a month, maybe take two months, and no one could monitor it," Dr. Katz said. "Now, you have the whole thing monitored, and it can be done quickly." As at Microsoft, many Amazon engineers use an A.I. assistant that suggests lines of code. But the company has more recently rolled out A.I. tools that can generate large portions of a program on its own. One engineer called the tools "scarily good." The engineers said many colleagues have been reluctant to use these new tools because they require a lot of double-checking and because the engineers want to have more control. "It's more fun to write code than to read code," said Simon Willison, an A.I. fan who is a longtime programmer and blogger, channeling the objections of other programmers. "If you're told you have to do a code review, it's never a fun part of the job. When you're working with these tools, it's most of the job." This shift from writing to reading code can make engineers feel as if they are bystanders in their own jobs. The Amazon engineers said that managers have encouraged them to use A.I. to help write one-page memos proposing a solution to a software problem and that the artificial intelligence can now generate a rough draft from scattered thoughts. They also use A.I. to test the software features they build, a tedious job that nonetheless has forced them to think deeply about their coding. One said that automating these functions could deprive junior engineers of the know-how they need to get promoted. Amazon said that collaboration and experimentation remain critical and that it considers A.I. a tool for augmenting rather than replacing engineers' expertise. It said it makes the requirements for promotions clear to employees. Harper Reed, another longtime programmer and blogger who was the chief technology officer of former President Barack Obama's re-election campaign, agreed that career advancement for engineers could be an issue in an A.I. world. But he cautioned against being overly precious about the value of deeply understanding one's code, which is no longer necessary to ensure that it works. "It would be crazy if in an auto factory people were measuring to make sure every angle is correct," he said, since machines now do the work. "It's not as important as when it was group of ten people pounding out the metal." And just as the proliferation of factories abroad has made it cheap and easy for entrepreneurs to manufacture physical products, the rise of A.I. is likely to democratize software-making, lowering the cost of building new apps. "If you're a prototyper, this is a gift from heaven," Mr. Willison said. "You can knock something out that illustrates the idea." The Dreaded Speed Up Amid their frustration, many Amazon engineers have joined a group called Amazon Employees for Climate Justice, which is pressuring the company to reduce its carbon footprint and has become a clearinghouse for workers' anxieties about other issues, like return-to-office mandates. (Amazon said it is working to reduce carbon emissions from its data centers; the climate justice group is pushing it to provide more information on how.) The group's organizers say they are in touch with several hundred Amazon employees on a regular basis and that the workers increasingly discuss the stress of using A.I. on the job, in addition to the effect that the technology has on the climate. The complaints have centered around "what their careers are going to look like," said Eliza Pan, a former Amazon employee who is a spokeswoman for the group. "And not just their careers, but the quality of the work." While there is no rush to form a union for coders at Amazon, such a move would not be unheard-of. When workers at General Motors went on strike in 1936 to demand recognition of their union, the United Automobile Workers, it was the dreaded speed up that spurred them on. The typical worker felt "that he was not free, as perhaps he had been on some previous job, to set the pace of his work," the historian Sidney Fine wrote, "and to determine the manner in which it was to be performed."
[4]
Amazon Programmers Say What Happened After Turn to AI Was Dark
The shoehorning of AI into everything has programmers at Amazon feeling less like the tedious parts of their jobs are being smoothly automated, and more like their work is beginning to resemble the drudgery of toiling away in one of the e-commerce giant's vast warehouses. That's the bleak picture painted in new reporting from the New York Times, in which Amazon leadership -- as is the case at so many other companies -- is convinced that AI will marvelously jack up productivity. Tasked with conjuring the tech's mystic properties, of course, are our beleaguered keyboard-clackers. Today, there's no shortage of coding AI assistants to choose from. Google and Meta are making heavy use of them, as is Microsoft. Satya Nadella, CEO of the Redmond giant, estimates that as much as 30 percent of the company's code is now written with AI. If Amazon's to keep up with the competition, it needs to follow suit. CEO Andy Jassy echoed this in a recent letter to shareholders, cited by the NYT, emphasizing the need to give customers what they want as "quickly as possible," before upholding programming as a field in which AI would "change the norms." And that it has -- though this is less due to the merits of AI and more the result of the over-eager opportunism of the company's management. Three Amazon engineers told the NYT that their bosses have increasingly pushed them to use AI in their work over the past year. And with that came increased output goals and even tighter deadlines. One engineer said that his team was reduced to roughly half the size it was last year -- but it was still expected to produce the same amount of code by using AI. In short, new automating technology is being used to justify placing increased demands at their jobs. "Things look like a speed-up for knowledge workers," Lawrence Katz, a labor economist at Harvard University, told the NYT, citing ongoing research. "There is a sense that the employer can pile on more stuff." Adopting AI was ostensibly optional for the Amazon programmers, but the choice was all but made for them. One engineer told the newspaper that they're now expected to finish building new website features in just a few days, whereas before they had several weeks. This ludicrous ramp up is only made possible by using AI to automate some of the coding, and comes at the expense of quality: there's less time for consulting with colleagues to get feedback and bounce ideas around. Above all, AI is sapping all the joy out of their profession. AI-amalgamated code requires extensive double checking -- a prominent critique that can't be ignored here and is one of the main reasons skeptics question whether these programming assistants actually produce gains in efficiency. And when you're reduced to proofreading a machine, there's little room for creativity, and an even more diminished sense of control. "It's more fun to write code than to read code," Simon Willison, a programmer and blogger who's both an enthusiast of AI and a frequent critic of the tech, told the NYT, playing devil's advocate. "If you're told you have to do a code review, it's never a fun part of the job. When you're working with these tools, it's most of the job." Amazon, for its part, maintains that it conducts regular reviews to ensure that its teams are adequately staffed. "We'll continue to adapt how we incorporate Gen AI into our processes," an Amazon spokesman told the NYT.
[5]
At Amazon, some coders say their jobs have begun to resemble warehouse work
Since at least the industrial revolution, workers have worried that machines would replace them. But when technology transformed automaking, meatpacking and even secretarial work, the response typically wasn't to slash jobs and reduce the number of workers. It was to "degrade" the jobs, breaking them into simpler tasks to be performed over and over at a rapid clip. Small shops of skilled mechanics gave way to hundreds of workers spread across an assembly line. The personal secretary gave way to pools of typists and data-entry clerks. The workers "complained of speedup, work intensification and work degradation," as labor historian Jason Resnikoff described it. Something similar appears to be happening with artificial intelligence in one of the fields where it has been most widely adopted: coding. As AI spreads through the labor force, many white-collar workers have expressed concern that it will lead to mass unemployment. Joblessness has ticked up and widespread layoffs might eventually come, but the more immediate downside for software engineers appears to be a change in the quality of their work. Some say it is becoming more routine, less thoughtful and, crucially, much faster paced. Companies seem to be convinced that, like assembly lines of old, AI can increase productivity. A recent paper by researchers at Microsoft and three universities found that programmers' use of an AI coding assistant called Copilot, which proposes snippets of code that they can accept or reject, increased a key measure of output more than 25%. At Amazon, which is making big investments in generative AI, the culture of coding is changing rapidly. In his recent letter to shareholders, CEO Andy Jassy wrote that generative AI was yielding big returns for companies that use it for "productivity and cost avoidance." He said working faster was essential because competitors would gain ground if Amazon doesn't give customers what they want "as quickly as possible" and cited coding as an activity where AI would "change the norms." Those changing norms have not always been eagerly embraced. Three Amazon engineers said managers had increasingly pushed them to use AI in their work over the past year. The engineers said the company had raised output goals and had become less forgiving about deadlines. It has even encouraged coders to gin up new AI productivity tools at an upcoming hackathon, an internal coding competition. One Amazon engineer said his team was roughly half the size it was last year, but it was expected to produce roughly the same amount of code by using AI. Amazon said it conducts regular reviews to make sure teams are adequately staffed and may increase their size if necessary. "We'll continue to adapt how we incorporate Gen AI into our processes," Brad Glasser, an Amazon spokesperson, said. Other tech companies are moving in the same direction. In a memo to employees in April, the CEO of Shopify, a company that helps entrepreneurs build and manage e-commerce websites, announced that "AI usage is now a baseline expectation" and that the company would "add AI usage questions" to performance reviews. Google recently told employees that it would soon hold a companywide hackathon in which one category would be creating AI tools that could "enhance their overall daily productivity," according to an internal announcement. Winning teams will receive $10,000. A Google spokesperson noted that more than 30% of the company's code is now suggested by AI and accepted by developers. The shift has not been all negative for workers. At Amazon and other companies, managers argue that AI can relieve employees of tedious tasks and enable them to perform more interesting work. Jassy wrote last year that the company had saved "the equivalent of 4,500 developer-years" by using AI to do the thankless work of upgrading old software. Eliminating such tedious work may benefit a subset of accomplished programmers, said Lawrence Katz, a labor economist at Harvard University who has tracked research on the subject closely. But for inexperienced programmers, the result of introducing AI can resemble the shift from artisanal work to factory work in the 19th and 20th centuries. "Things look like a speedup for knowledge workers," Katz said, describing preliminary evidence from ongoing research. "There is a sense that the employer can pile on more stuff." Bystanders in Their Own Jobs The automation of coding has special resonance for Amazon engineers, who have watched their blue-collar counterparts undergo a similar transition. For years, many workers at Amazon warehouses walked miles each day to track down inventory. But over the past decade, Amazon has increasingly relied on so-called robotics warehouses, where pickers stand in one spot and pull inventory off shelves delivered to them by lawn-mower-like robots, no walking necessary. The robots generally haven't displaced humans; Amazon said it has hired hundreds of thousands of warehouse workers since their introduction, while creating many new skilled roles. But the robots have increased the number of items each worker can pick from dozens an hour to hundreds. Some workers complain that the robots have also made the job hyper-repetitive and physically taxing. Amazon says it provides regular breaks and cites positive feedback from workers about its cutting-edge robots. The Amazon engineers said this transition was on their minds as the company urged them to rely more on AI. They said that while doing so was technically optional, they had little choice if they wanted to keep up with their output goals, which affect their performance reviews. The expectations have sped up rapidly. One engineer said that building a feature for the website used to take a few weeks; now it must frequently be done within a few days. He said this is possible only by using AI to help automate the coding and by cutting down on meetings to solicit feedback and explore alternative ideas. (A second engineer said her efficiency gains from using AI were more modest; different teams use the tools more or less intensively.) The new approach to coding at many companies has, in effect, eliminated much of the time the developer spends reflecting on his or her work. "It used to be that you had a lot of slack because you were doing a complicated project -- it would maybe take a month, maybe take two months, and no one could monitor it," Katz said. "Now, you have the whole thing monitored, and it can be done quickly." As at Microsoft, many Amazon engineers use an AI assistant that suggests lines of code. But the company has more recently rolled out AI tools that can generate large portions of a program on its own. One engineer called the tools "scarily good." The engineers said that many colleagues have been reluctant to use these new tools because they require a lot of double-checking and because the engineers want more control. "It's more fun to write code than to read code," said Simon Willison, an AI fan who is a longtime programmer and blogger, channeling the objections of other programmers. "If you're told you have to do a code review, it's never a fun part of the job. When you're working with these tools, it's most of the job." This shift from writing to reading code can make engineers feel like bystanders in their own jobs. The Amazon engineers said that managers have encouraged them to use AI to help write one-page memos proposing a solution to a software problem and that the artificial intelligence can now generate a rough draft from scattered thoughts. They also use AI to test the software features they build, a tedious job that nonetheless has forced them to think deeply about their coding. One said that automating these functions could deprive junior engineers of the know-how they need to get promoted. Amazon said that collaboration and experimentation remain critical and that it considers AI a tool for augmenting rather than replacing engineers' expertise. It said it makes the requirements for promotions clear to employees. Harper Reed, another longtime programmer and blogger who was the chief technology officer of former President Barack Obama's reelection campaign, agreed that career advancement for engineers could be an issue in an AI world. But he cautioned against being overly precious about the value of deeply understanding one's code, which is no longer necessary to ensure that it works. "It would be crazy if in an auto factory people were measuring to make sure every angle is correct," he said, since machines now do the work. "It's not as important as when it was group of 10 people pounding out the metal." And just as factories abroad have made it cheap and easy for entrepreneurs to manufacture physical products, the rise of AI is likely to democratize software-making, lowering the cost of building new apps. "If you're a prototyper, this is a gift from heaven," Willison said. "You can knock something out that illustrates the idea." The Dreaded Speedup Amid their frustration, many Amazon engineers have joined a group called Amazon Employees for Climate Justice, which is pressuring the company to reduce its carbon footprint and has become a clearinghouse for workers' anxieties about other issues, like return-to-office mandates. (Amazon said it is working to reduce carbon emissions from its data centers; the climate justice group is pushing it to provide more information on how.) The group's organizers say they are in touch with several hundred Amazon employees on a regular basis and that the workers increasingly discuss the stress of using AI on the job, in addition to the effect that the technology has on the climate. The complaints have centered around "what their careers are going to look like," said Eliza Pan, a former Amazon employee who is a representative for the group. "And not just their careers but the quality of the work." While there is no rush to form a union for coders at Amazon, such a move would not be unheard-of. When General Motors workers went on strike in 1936 to demand recognition of their union, the United Auto Workers, it was the dreaded speedup that spurred them on. The typical worker felt "that he was not free, as perhaps he had been on some previous job, to set the pace of his work," historian Sidney Fine wrote, "and to determine the manner in which it was to be performed."
[6]
At Amazon, some coders say their jobs have begun to resemble warehouse work
As AI transforms coding, developers report increased speed, reduced creativity, and more repetitive tasks. At companies like Amazon, AI tools are boosting productivity but intensifying pressure, echoing past industrial shifts. Engineers fear their roles are being degraded, mirroring factory-style speedups that prioritise output over autonomy and skill development.Since at least the industrial revolution, workers have worried that machines would replace them. But when technology transformed automaking, meatpacking and even secretarial work, the response typically wasn't to slash jobs and reduce the number of workers. It was to "degrade" the jobs, breaking them into simpler tasks to be performed over and over at a rapid clip. Small shops of skilled mechanics gave way to hundreds of workers spread across an assembly line. The personal secretary gave way to pools of typists and data-entry clerks. The workers "complained of speedup, work intensification and work degradation," as labour historian Jason Resnikoff described it. Something similar appears to be happening with artificial intelligence in one of the fields where it has been most widely adopted: coding. As AI spreads through the labour force, many white-collar workers have expressed concern that it will lead to mass unemployment. Joblessness has ticked up and widespread layoffs might eventually come, but the more immediate downside for software engineers appears to be a change in the quality of their work. Some say it is becoming more routine, less thoughtful and, crucially, much faster paced. Companies seem to be convinced that, like assembly lines of old, AI can increase productivity. A recent paper by researchers at Microsoft and three universities found that programmers' use of an AI coding assistant called Copilot, which proposes snippets of code that they can accept or reject, increased a key measure of output more than 25%. At Amazon, which is making big investments in generative AI, the culture of coding is changing rapidly. In his recent letter to shareholders, CEO Andy Jassy wrote that generative AI was yielding big returns for companies that use it for "productivity and cost avoidance." He said working faster was essential because competitors would gain ground if Amazon doesn't give customers what they want "as quickly as possible" and cited coding as an activity where AI would "change the norms." Those changing norms have not always been eagerly embraced. Three Amazon engineers said managers had increasingly pushed them to use AI in their work over the past year. The engineers said the company had raised output goals and had become less forgiving about deadlines. It has even encouraged coders to gin up new AI productivity tools at an upcoming hackathon, an internal coding competition. One Amazon engineer said his team was roughly half the size it was last year, but it was expected to produce roughly the same amount of code by using AI. Amazon said it conducts regular reviews to make sure teams are adequately staffed and may increase their size if necessary. "We'll continue to adapt how we incorporate Gen AI into our processes," Brad Glasser, an Amazon spokesperson, said. Other tech companies are moving in the same direction. In a memo to employees in April, the CEO of Shopify, a company that helps entrepreneurs build and manage e-commerce websites, announced that "AI usage is now a baseline expectation" and that the company would "add AI usage questions" to performance reviews. Google recently told employees that it would soon hold a companywide hackathon in which one category would be creating AI tools that could "enhance their overall daily productivity," according to an internal announcement. Winning teams will receive $10,000. The shift has not been all negative for workers. At Amazon and other companies, managers argue that AI can relieve employees of tedious tasks and enable them to perform more interesting work. Jassy wrote last year that the company had saved "the equivalent of 4,500 developer-years" by using AI to do the thankless work of upgrading old software. Eliminating such tedious work may benefit a subset of accomplished programmers, said Lawrence Katz, a labour economist at Harvard University who has tracked research on the subject closely. But for inexperienced programmers, the result of introducing AI can resemble the shift from artisanal work to factory work in the 19th and 20th centuries. "Things look like a speedup for knowledge workers," Katz said, describing preliminary evidence from ongoing research. "There is a sense that the employer can pile on more stuff." Bystanders in Their Own Jobs The automation of coding has special resonance for Amazon engineers, who have watched their blue-collar counterparts undergo a similar transition. For years, many workers at Amazon warehouses walked miles each day to track down inventory. But over the past decade, Amazon has increasingly relied on so-called robotics warehouses, where pickers stand in one spot and pull inventory off shelves delivered to them by lawn-mower-like robots, no walking necessary. The robots generally haven't displaced humans; Amazon said it has hired hundreds of thousands of warehouse workers since their introduction, while creating many new skilled roles. But the robots have increased the number of items each worker can pick from dozens an hour to hundreds. Some workers complain that the robots have also made the job hyper-repetitive and physically taxing. Amazon says it provides regular breaks and cites positive feedback from workers about its cutting-edge robots. The Amazon engineers said this transition was on their minds as the company urged them to rely more on AI. They said that while doing so was technically optional, they had little choice if they wanted to keep up with their output goals, which affect their performance reviews. The expectations have sped up rapidly. One engineer said that building a feature for the website used to take a few weeks; now it must frequently be done within a few days. He said this is possible only by using AI to help automate the coding and by cutting down on meetings to solicit feedback and explore alternative ideas. (A second engineer said her efficiency gains from using AI were more modest; different teams use the tools more or less intensively.) The new approach to coding at many companies has, in effect, eliminated much of the time the developer spends reflecting on his or her work. "It used to be that you had a lot of slack because you were doing a complicated project -- it would maybe take a month, maybe take two months, and no one could monitor it," Katz said. "Now, you have the whole thing monitored, and it can be done quickly." As at Microsoft, many Amazon engineers use an AI assistant that suggests lines of code. But the company has more recently rolled out AI tools that can generate large portions of a program on its own. One engineer called the tools "scarily good." The engineers said that many colleagues have been reluctant to use these new tools because they require a lot of double-checking and because the engineers want more control. "It's more fun to write code than to read code," said Simon Willison, an AI fan who is a longtime programmer and blogger, channeling the objections of other programmers. "If you're told you have to do a code review, it's never a fun part of the job. When you're working with these tools, it's most of the job." This shift from writing to reading code can make engineers feel like bystanders in their own jobs. The Amazon engineers said that managers have encouraged them to use AI to help write one-page memos proposing a solution to a software problem and that the artificial intelligence can now generate a rough draft from scattered thoughts. They also use AI to test the software features they build, a tedious job that nonetheless has forced them to think deeply about their coding. One said that automating these functions could deprive junior engineers of the know-how they need to get promoted. Amazon said that collaboration and experimentation remain critical and that it considers AI a tool for augmenting rather than replacing engineers' expertise. It said it makes the requirements for promotions clear to employees. Harper Reed, another longtime programmer and blogger who was the chief technology officer of former President Barack Obama's reelection campaign, agreed that career advancement for engineers could be an issue in an AI world. But he cautioned against being overly precious about the value of deeply understanding one's code, which is no longer necessary to ensure that it works. "It would be crazy if in an auto factory people were measuring to make sure every angle is correct," he said, since machines now do the work. "It's not as important as when it was group of 10 people pounding out the metal." And just as factories abroad have made it cheap and easy for entrepreneurs to manufacture physical products, the rise of AI is likely to democratize software-making, lowering the cost of building new apps. "If you're a prototyper, this is a gift from heaven," Willison said. "You can knock something out that illustrates the idea." The Dreaded Speedup Amid their frustration, many Amazon engineers have joined a group called Amazon Employees for Climate Justice, which is pressuring the company to reduce its carbon footprint and has become a clearinghouse for workers' anxieties about other issues, like return-to-office mandates. (Amazon said it is working to reduce carbon emissions from its data centers; the climate justice group is pushing it to provide more information on how.) The group's organizers say they are in touch with several hundred Amazon employees on a regular basis and that the workers increasingly discuss the stress of using AI on the job, in addition to the effect that the technology has on the climate. The complaints have centered around "what their careers are going to look like," said Eliza Pan, a former Amazon employee who is a representative for the group. "And not just their careers but the quality of the work." While there is no rush to form a union for coders at Amazon, such a move would not be unheard-of. When General Motors workers went on strike in 1936 to demand recognition of their union, the United Auto Workers, it was the dreaded speedup that spurred them on. The typical worker felt "that he was not free, as perhaps he had been on some previous job, to set the pace of his work," historian Sidney Fine wrote, "and to determine the manner in which it was to be performed."
[7]
At Amazon, some coders say their jobs have begun to resemble warehouse work
Since at least the industrial revolution, workers have worried that machines would replace them. But when technology transformed automaking, meatpacking and even secretarial work, the response typically wasn't to slash jobs and reduce the number of workers. It was to "degrade" the jobs, breaking them into simpler tasks to be performed over and over at a rapid clip. Small shops of skilled mechanics gave way to hundreds of workers spread across an assembly line. The personal secretary gave way to pools of typists and data-entry clerks. The workers "complained of speedup, work intensification and work degradation," as labor historian Jason Resnikoff described it. Something similar appears to be happening with artificial intelligence in one of the fields where it has been most widely adopted: coding. As AI spreads through the labor force, many white-collar workers have expressed concern that it will lead to mass unemployment. Joblessness has ticked up and widespread layoffs might eventually come, but the more immediate downside for software engineers appears to be a change in the quality of their work. Some say it is becoming more routine, less thoughtful and, crucially, much faster paced. Companies seem to be convinced that, like assembly lines of old, AI can increase productivity. A recent paper by researchers at Microsoft and three universities found that programmers' use of an AI coding assistant called Copilot, which proposes snippets of code that they can accept or reject, increased a key measure of output more than 25%. At Amazon, which is making big investments in generative AI, the culture of coding is changing rapidly. In his recent letter to shareholders, CEO Andy Jassy wrote that generative AI was yielding big returns for companies that use it for "productivity and cost avoidance." He said working faster was essential because competitors would gain ground if Amazon doesn't give customers what they want "as quickly as possible" and cited coding as an activity where AI would "change the norms." Those changing norms have not always been eagerly embraced. Three Amazon engineers said managers had increasingly pushed them to use AI in their work over the past year. The engineers said the company had raised output goals and had become less forgiving about deadlines. It has even encouraged coders to gin up new AI productivity tools at an upcoming hackathon, an internal coding competition. One Amazon engineer said his team was roughly half the size it was last year, but it was expected to produce roughly the same amount of code by using AI. Amazon said it conducts regular reviews to make sure teams are adequately staffed and may increase their size if necessary. "We'll continue to adapt how we incorporate Gen AI into our processes," Brad Glasser, an Amazon spokesperson, said. Other tech companies are moving in the same direction. In a memo to employees in April, the CEO of Shopify, a company that helps entrepreneurs build and manage e-commerce websites, announced that "AI usage is now a baseline expectation" and that the company would "add AI usage questions" to performance reviews. Google recently told employees that it would soon hold a companywide hackathon in which one category would be creating AI tools that could "enhance their overall daily productivity," according to an internal announcement. Winning teams will receive $10,000. The shift has not been all negative for workers. At Amazon and other companies, managers argue that AI can relieve employees of tedious tasks and enable them to perform more interesting work. Jassy wrote last year that the company had saved "the equivalent of 4,500 developer-years" by using AI to do the thankless work of upgrading old software. Eliminating such tedious work may benefit a subset of accomplished programmers, said Lawrence Katz, a labor economist at Harvard University who has tracked research on the subject closely. But for inexperienced programmers, the result of introducing AI can resemble the shift from artisanal work to factory work in the 19th and 20th centuries. "Things look like a speedup for knowledge workers," Katz said, describing preliminary evidence from ongoing research. "There is a sense that the employer can pile on more stuff." Bystanders in Their Own Jobs The automation of coding has special resonance for Amazon engineers, who have watched their blue-collar counterparts undergo a similar transition. For years, many workers at Amazon warehouses walked miles each day to track down inventory. But over the past decade, Amazon has increasingly relied on so-called robotics warehouses, where pickers stand in one spot and pull inventory off shelves delivered to them by lawn-mower-like robots, no walking necessary. The robots generally haven't displaced humans; Amazon said it has hired hundreds of thousands of warehouse workers since their introduction, while creating many new skilled roles. But the robots have increased the number of items each worker can pick from dozens an hour to hundreds. Some workers complain that the robots have also made the job hyper-repetitive and physically taxing. Amazon says it provides regular breaks and cites positive feedback from workers about its cutting-edge robots. The Amazon engineers said this transition was on their minds as the company urged them to rely more on AI. They said that while doing so was technically optional, they had little choice if they wanted to keep up with their output goals, which affect their performance reviews. The expectations have sped up rapidly. One engineer said that building a feature for the website used to take a few weeks; now it must frequently be done within a few days. He said this is possible only by using AI to help automate the coding and by cutting down on meetings to solicit feedback and explore alternative ideas. (A second engineer said her efficiency gains from using AI were more modest; different teams use the tools more or less intensively.) The new approach to coding at many companies has, in effect, eliminated much of the time the developer spends reflecting on his or her work. "It used to be that you had a lot of slack because you were doing a complicated project -- it would maybe take a month, maybe take two months, and no one could monitor it," Katz said. "Now, you have the whole thing monitored, and it can be done quickly." As at Microsoft, many Amazon engineers use an AI assistant that suggests lines of code. But the company has more recently rolled out AI tools that can generate large portions of a program on its own. One engineer called the tools "scarily good." The engineers said that many colleagues have been reluctant to use these new tools because they require a lot of double-checking and because the engineers want more control. "It's more fun to write code than to read code," said Simon Willison, an AI fan who is a longtime programmer and blogger, channeling the objections of other programmers. "If you're told you have to do a code review, it's never a fun part of the job. When you're working with these tools, it's most of the job." This shift from writing to reading code can make engineers feel like bystanders in their own jobs. The Amazon engineers said that managers have encouraged them to use AI to help write one-page memos proposing a solution to a software problem and that the artificial intelligence can now generate a rough draft from scattered thoughts. They also use AI to test the software features they build, a tedious job that nonetheless has forced them to think deeply about their coding. One said that automating these functions could deprive junior engineers of the know-how they need to get promoted. Amazon said that collaboration and experimentation remain critical and that it considers AI a tool for augmenting rather than replacing engineers' expertise. It said it makes the requirements for promotions clear to employees. Harper Reed, another longtime programmer and blogger who was the chief technology officer of former President Barack Obama's reelection campaign, agreed that career advancement for engineers could be an issue in an AI world. But he cautioned against being overly precious about the value of deeply understanding one's code, which is no longer necessary to ensure that it works. "It would be crazy if in an auto factory people were measuring to make sure every angle is correct," he said, since machines now do the work. "It's not as important as when it was group of 10 people pounding out the metal." And just as factories abroad have made it cheap and easy for entrepreneurs to manufacture physical products, the rise of AI is likely to democratize software-making, lowering the cost of building new apps. "If you're a prototyper, this is a gift from heaven," Willison said. "You can knock something out that illustrates the idea." The Dreaded Speedup Amid their frustration, many Amazon engineers have joined a group called Amazon Employees for Climate Justice, which is pressuring the company to reduce its carbon footprint and has become a clearinghouse for workers' anxieties about other issues, like return-to-office mandates. (Amazon said it is working to reduce carbon emissions from its data centers; the climate justice group is pushing it to provide more information on how.) The group's organizers say they are in touch with several hundred Amazon employees on a regular basis and that the workers increasingly discuss the stress of using AI on the job, in addition to the effect that the technology has on the climate. The complaints have centered around "what their careers are going to look like," said Eliza Pan, a former Amazon employee who is a representative for the group. "And not just their careers but the quality of the work." While there is no rush to form a union for coders at Amazon, such a move would not be unheard-of. When General Motors workers went on strike in 1936 to demand recognition of their union, the United Auto Workers, it was the dreaded speedup that spurred them on. The typical worker felt "that he was not free, as perhaps he had been on some previous job, to set the pace of his work," historian Sidney Fine wrote, "and to determine the manner in which it was to be performed."
[8]
Amazon coders have a surprising reason for hating GenAI
It has been nearly three years since OpenAI released ChatGPT series 3.5 in November 2022, officially kicking off the modern artificial intelligence revolution. Since then, every tech company, from Microsoft to Apple to Alphabet to Tesla and beyond, has cumulatively invested hundreds of billions of dollars in order to be at the forefront of the revolution. One of the things AI has promised to do is free humankind from banal, remedial work, automating processes that used to take hours, days, or longer. Related: Elon Musk says he is 'paranoid' about this issue; he's right to be Alarmists say the revolution will cause an employment crisis, as the pool of available jobs shrinks. AI evangelists will call that type of talk overblown. In their view, AI will free up the average worker's time, making them more productive and creating countless other jobs. There is evidence that college graduates are already feeling the crunch. Nearly 6% of recent college graduates were unemployed during the first quarter of 2025, up significantly from the 4.5% that reported being unemployed a year ago. The underemployment rate also rose to 41.2% from 40.6% in that time period, according to the Federal Reserve Bank of New York. The college majors with the highest percentages of underemployment were anthropology, physics, commercial art and graphic design, fine arts, sociology, and, perhaps surprisingly, computer engineering, according to a recent report in The Independent. Ironically, coding is becoming one of the first casualties of the AI revolution. Amazon coders hate what AI is doing to their jobs Amazon (AMZN) CEO Andy Jassy has long touted the benefits of generative AI, not just for Amazon customers, but for Amazon coders as well. "With what's happening in AI right now, and the likelihood that every customer experience we've ever known will be reinvented, there has never been a more important time, in my opinion, to optimize to invent well," Jassy told shareholders last month about the company's future. Jassy believes that generative AI is going to change the company's customer experience completely. To handle this, Amazon is building more than 1,000 GenAI applications across the company. Amazon plans to revolutionize the customer experiences in shopping, coding, personal assistants, streaming, advertising, health care, reading, and home devices. Related: Jamie Dimon sends stark warning on the economy Internally, the early AI workloads the company already deployed are focused on worker productivity and cost avoidance. "This is saving companies a lot of money. Increasingly, you'll see AI change the norms in coding, search, shopping, personal assistants, primary care, cancer and drug research, biology, robotics, space, financial services, neighborhood networks -everything," Jassy said. However, a new report from the New York Times says some of the workers implementing this system hate the changes being made, as the company has pushed them to increase the use of AI in their work. Engineers have raised output goals and have become less forgiving about missed deadlines. One Amazon engineer said in the piece that his team had been halved in the past year, but he was still required to produce about the same amount of code using AI. The company told The Times that it regularly conducts reviews to make sure it isn't overtaxing its workers. More on Amazon: But the engineers say that AI in their workplace has had the same effect robotics in Amazon warehouses have had on those workers. Robotics in Amazon warehouses have transformed the way people work there. A decade ago, workers had to walk countless miles per day to fulfil orders. Now, thanks to robotics, that type of work has been significantly reduced. However, Amazon workers now have to deal with being too efficient, which vastly increases the amount of work they do, even if they don't have to walk as much. Amazon engineers are having the same feeling, according to the report. The number of menial tasks they have to complete has been reduced thanks to automated coding, but the overall amount of work they are doing has expanded. Websites they were previously given weeks to build must now be built in a few days. While AI can generate a lot of code that used to have to be manually written, coders still have to check the generative work, which takes time. "It's more fun to write code than to read code," said Simon Willison, an AI fan, longtime programmer and blogger, told the Times. "If you're told you have to do a code review, it's never a fun part of the job. When you're working with these tools, it's most of the job." Amazon is all in on AI Amazon says it hears employees' complaints and that it is always tweaking processes to make workflow easier for them. However, it is also clear the company plans to make AI work, no matter what. Earlier this year, the company said it plans to spend $100 billion on AI infrastructure in 2025, with most of that money being allocated to AI capabilities for Amazon Web Services.
[9]
Amazon coders say they've had to work harder, faster by using AI
Software engineers at Amazon say artificial intelligence is transforming their work -- not by replacing them, but by pressuring them to code faster, meet higher output targets and rely more heavily on tools they don't fully control, according to a report. The shift has sparked growing concerns that AI is turning once-thoughtful work into an assembly line job, with some employees comparing it to the automation wave that reshaped Amazon's warehouses. "My team is roughly half the size it was last year," one Amazon engineer told the New York Times, adding, "but we're expected to produce the same amount of code thanks to AI." Engineers who spoke to the Times describe a culture where AI adoption is technically optional, but failing to use it risks falling behind. Code that once took weeks to develop must now be delivered in days, according to the Times. Feedback sessions are cut short. And developers are being pushed to let AI not just suggest lines of code but write entire programs, the Times reported. "It's more fun to write code than to read code," said longtime programmer and blogger Simon Willison. "When you're working with these tools, [code review] is most of the job." Amazon has defended the changes. In a recent letter to shareholders, CEO Andy Jassy called generative AI a tool for "productivity and cost avoidance," especially in coding. "If we don't get our customers what they want as quickly as possible, our competitors will," he wrote. The company has also encouraged employees to develop new internal AI tools at hackathons and says it reviews staffing regularly to ensure workloads are manageable. Still, three current engineers told the Times that deadlines have become less forgiving and that output expectations have quietly surged. One said AI is increasingly used to write memos and test software -- tasks that once served as learning experiences for junior staff. The worry is that in automating such work, engineers may lose vital skills and have fewer opportunities to prove themselves for promotions. Amazon spokesman Brad Glasser told the Times that AI is intended to augment engineers' expertise, not replace it, and that the company's promotion paths remain clear and performance-based. The shift has ignited broader unease inside Amazon. A group called Amazon Employees for Climate Justice has become a sounding board for worker concerns, including AI's impact. "The complaints have centered around 'what their careers are going to look like,'" said former Amazon employee Eliza Pan, a spokesperson for the group. "And not just their careers, but the quality of the work." For Amazon's coders, the parallels are personal. They've watched the company's warehouse workers shift from walking miles each day to standing in place while robots deliver inventory -- boosting efficiency but making jobs more repetitive. "Now," one engineer told the Times, "it feels like we're going through the same thing."
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Amazon's adoption of AI in software development is dramatically changing the nature of coding work, leading to increased productivity but also raising concerns about job quality and career development for engineers.
Amazon's software engineering culture is undergoing a significant transformation as artificial intelligence (AI) becomes increasingly central to the development process. This shift is fundamentally altering how engineers write code, collaborate, and advance in their careers, while also raising questions about the future of the profession 12.
Amazon's leadership, including CEO Andy Jassy, views AI integration as essential for maintaining a competitive edge. Jassy reported that generative AI has delivered "big returns for companies that use it for productivity and cost avoidance" 1. The company's internal AI assistant, Amazon Q, has dramatically reduced the time required for application upgrades, from 50 developer days to just a few hours 1.
These improvements have resulted in significant efficiency gains:
Source: TechSpot
The nature of coding work at Amazon is evolving rapidly:
Simon Willison, a programmer and AI enthusiast, noted, "It's more enjoyable to write code than to review it. When you're working with these tools, [code review] is most of the job" 1.
Amazon is not alone in this shift. Other tech giants are following suit:
Source: Futurism
The rapid adoption of AI in coding has sparked several concerns:
Job Quality: Some engineers feel their work is becoming more routine and less creative, drawing parallels to the automation of Amazon's warehouses 13.
Career Development: There are worries that automating tasks like drafting memos and testing software could deprive junior developers of crucial learning opportunities 12.
Work Intensification: Lawrence Katz, a labor economist at Harvard University, observed, "Things look like a speed-up for knowledge workers. There is a sense that the employer can pile on more stuff" 35.
Environmental Impact: The Amazon Employees for Climate Justice group has raised concerns about the environmental consequences of increased data center operations to support AI 1.
Source: New York Post
The long-term impact of AI on software engineering remains uncertain. Matt Garman, Amazon's cloud computing chief, predicted that within two years, many software engineers might focus more on understanding customer needs and building innovative solutions, rather than traditional coding tasks 1.
As the industry continues to evolve, the balance between leveraging AI for productivity and maintaining the quality and satisfaction of engineering work remains a critical challenge for Amazon and other tech companies to address.
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