AI whale detection system launches in San Francisco Bay to prevent gray whale ship strikes

AI and Thermal Cameras Help Ships Steer Clear Of Gray Whales

A whale-spotting system in the San Francisco Bay will soon incorporate a thermal camera onboard one of the ferry routes to improve coverage. On a sunny Tuesday afternoon in May, San Francisco Bay is busy. Container ships the size of skyscrapers deliver their wares to the Port of Oakland, tankers bear fuel, and ferries carry tourists to their hikes and commuters to their jobs at AI startups. Looking down at this marine traffic from Angel Island, located near the entrance to the bay, a group of excited scientists point to some sparkles on the surface of the water: Three gray whales are coming up for breaths. A collaboration of government agencies and scientists hopes to keep interspecies traffic running safely, thanks to an AI-based whale detection system that launched on 19 May. Developed by WhaleSpotter, based in Somerville, Mass., the system uses an AI model to detect whales in footage from thermal cameras looking down at the bay from Point Blunt on Angel Island. Detections are verified by a human to prevent false alarms, then the system warns nearby ships so they can slow down or reroute. While trained humans can spot the spray that whales produce when they exhale, thermal cameras powered by AI do an even better job -- and they can keep an eye out 24/7, even at night and on foggy afternoons. For many whales, a trip to San Francisco is the end of their journey. A study published in April estimates an 18 percent mortality rate for gray whales that enter the bay. Seven have died here so far in 2026. In 2025, a record 21 gray whales died in and around the bay, and necropsies show that 40 percent of those deaths were caused by ship strikes. "Last year was truly a crisis for gray whales," says Douglas McCauley, director of the Benioff Ocean Science Laboratory at the University of California, Santa Barbara. The Bay Area is a new stop on gray whales' route. They make the longest migration of any mammal, travelling between 15,000 and 20,000 kilometers roundtrip from Alaska down to Baja California, Mexico, to breed. Historically, they made no stops along the way, gorging before their departure, then fasting on the journey. Since 2018, however, over 100 gray whales have detoured into the San Francisco Bay on their way back north. Scientists aren't sure why they are stopping, but they suspect it is because record-low sea ice levels driven by rapid climate change are to blame. The theory is that it's decimating the algae that fertilize the Arctic food chain gray whales rely on. Instead of heading south with a full tank, the whales may not be able to eat enough to sustain their entire migration, so they come to San Francisco Bay for a snack on the way home. Some end up staying for over a month. "Gray whales are trying to be a brave new whale in a weird world," says McCauley. Standing next to WhaleSpotter's thermal camera, looking down at the bay, he says this is "a front row view to climate change." From its mount on a Coast Guard tower on Angel Island's Blunt Point, the camera captures images covering a cone of water extending out about 7 km. When whales come up for a breath, they expel a jet of air that's hotter than its surroundings. WhaleSpotter's technology was initially developed at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in Massachusetts to recognize these distinctive spouts, even if they only show up in a pixel or two. The footage is then sent to a marine mammal expert to verify the detection. If it's real, the system will send an alert to the U.S. Coast Guard's Vessel Traffic Service, which can then share that information with ships in the region. UC Santa Barbara researchers and scientists at the Marine Mammal Center will use data from the system to study the whales. The data are also available in an online map. The collaboration will soon add another camera installed on a ferry running between San Francisco and Vallejo to the north, providing a fuller picture of whales' presence in the bay. WhaleSpotter's systems are already in use on vessels around the world, including eight container ships owned by Honolulu-based shipping company Matson. WhaleSpotter says the technology reduces the risk of ship strikes by 90 percent. The San Francisco Bay system is the first to combine land-based and vessel-based monitors, and because it's continuously monitoring one busy region during migration season -- rather than looking for whales while crossing oceans -- it's already made an astonishing number of detections. As of 19 May, the system had been in operation for about a week and a half, and had already logged 6,600 whale detections. The scientists believe those may just be from a few whales hanging out in the bay in front of the cameras. The camera system is good at detecting whales even before they're visible to humans with binoculars -- but without human intervention, it is still prone to false positives. A 2020 study using infrared cameras to detect marine mammals in the Atlantic Ocean off the shore of Canada found a high rate of false positives, mostly due to sea birds. So human verification is still necessary: If the system sends a warning when there is no whale, captains won't take the information seriously in the future, says WhaleSpotter CEO Shawn Henry. Henry says human verifications are being fed back into the algorithm to improve it. The system is already capable of determining if it's detecting the same whale taking another breath, so similar detections in rapid succession are not sent to human experts for verification, says Henry. Henry hopes the company will be able to improve the system further to eliminate the need for human verification. "I like the AI -- it doesn't get tired like humans," he says. "We want to rely on AI as much as possible."

AI-powered whale-spotting tech may help save San Francisco Bay's gray whales

The newly deployed system aims to warn ships of whales in their path An AI-powered monitoring system could save the lives of gray whales that are increasingly taking a deadly detour into California's heavily trafficked San Francisco Bay. The new technology combines round-the-clock thermal cameras deployed at different locations in the bay with AI to detect whales that may be as far as 7 kilometers away. Once the whale detection is confirmed by scientists, an alert goes out to warn vessels in the area to slow down or change course to avoid a collision. A coalition of ocean scientists, the U.S. Coast Guard, whale tracking experts and local ferry companies unveiled the deployment in the bay on May 19. A camera mounted on a radio tower on Angel Island within the bay will monitor numerous busy shipping routes. A second camera will be installed on a passenger ferry that crosses the bay daily, and future additional camera sites could include the Golden Gate Bridge and Alcatraz. The whale-detecting AI-powered tech is the brainchild of researchers at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, or WHOI, in Massachusetts, who later created a company called WhaleSpotter to market the tech. "We wanted to be able to detect whales so far out that it would give mariners time to take action," says Daniel Zitterbart, a physicist at WHOI and the chief scientist of WhaleSpotter. That's particularly important for large ships, such as container vessels, that have a great deal of inertia and can't quickly change course. Developing a reliable whale detection system took about 15 years, Zitterbart says. Water emitted from whales' blowholes, or the whales' bodies themselves, is warmer than the ambient water by about 2 degrees Celsius. So the researchers used hundreds of thousands of thermal images to train the AI to recognize those relative temperature differences as signifying a whale. Then, when there's a detection, a WhaleSpotter researcher will verify the data, to minimize false positives. Once verified, an alert is sent to any vessels nearby. "We want as many deployments as possible, because that ultimately means we have better eyes on the ocean," Zitterbart says. "Shipping is not going to disappear. We need to have a tech that allows us to use the ocean, but also allows the whales to go about their lives." In 2025, 21 gray whales (Eschrichtius robustus) were found dead in and around San Francisco Bay; two-fifths of those deaths were due to ship strikes, researchers say. The deaths are part of a disturbing trend that researchers first observed in 2018: The whales were increasingly making a pit stop in the bay along their 16,000-kilometer-long migration southward from their feeding grounds off Alaska's coast to their mating grounds near Mexico. The whales were likely hungry. In the Arctic, they feed on tiny crustaceans called amphipods in ocean sediments; those amphipods, in turn, are nourished by algae that grows on the underside of sea ice. Climate change is rapidly melting that sea ice, disrupting the food chain. Gray whale populations declined dramatically from about 20,500 in 2018 to about 14,500 in 2023. Hundreds of whales were found stranded along the North American west coast. Many of those whales were suffering from malnutrition. So, to sustain themselves for the rest of their migration, they have been heading into the bay looking for food. "It is heartbreaking to see these starving whales stumbling around in the middle of the hustle and bustle of San Francisco Bay," University of California, Santa Barbara marine ecologist Douglas McCauley said May 19 in a news release. McCauley is the director of UCSB's Benioff Ocean Science Laboratory, one of the coalition partners that developed and is deploying the new technology. "Every day is a nail-biter.... This new system will save whales' lives." Josephine Slaathaug, a whale biologist at Sonoma State University in Rohnert Park, Calif., says she hopes this technology will be a "huge leap in the right direction to protecting whales in San Francisco Bay." "I'm cautiously optimistic," Slaathaug says. "I'm very glad that the vessel strike issue is being taken seriously." And it's especially heartening, she adds, to see so many different organizations and partners -- including the shipping industry -- working together to develop a science-based, long-term solution.

A new whale detection network launches in San Francisco Bay, alerting ships in real time

SAN FRANCISCO, Calif. (AP) -- Ferries, cargo ships and tankers cut through choppy waters in the San Francisco Bay Tuesday as a whale surfaced nearby, its spout barely visible against the white caps. Until now, whales could easily go unnoticed by mariners, but an AI-powered detection network launched this week is designed to track them day and night. The system, called WhaleSpotter, scans the bay around the clock for whale blows and heat signatures up to 2 nautical miles away, alerting mariners to slow down or reroute when whales are nearby. "They'll be able to make adjustments way before they get anywhere close," said Thomas Hall, director of operations for San Francisco Bay Ferry. "It will also allow us to track data over time and see where the whales are camping out so we can adjust our routes during whale season to avoid those areas completely." The effort comes amid an alarming rise in gray whale deaths in the bay. Last year, 21 dead gray whales were found in the wider Bay Area -- the highest number in 25 years, according to The Marine Mammal Center -- with at least 40% killed by ship strikes. At least 10 more have died in the Bay Area so far this year. Scientists say those figures likely underestimate the true toll as many whale carcasses sink or are swept back out to sea before they are ever found or reported. Gray whales have long migrated along the California coast on their roughly 12,000-mile (19,300-kilometer) journey between breeding lagoons in Mexico and feeding grounds in the Arctic. But instead of simply passing offshore, increasing numbers are now diverting into San Francisco Bay and lingering for days or even weeks inside the crowded estuary -- a shift scientists increasingly link to climate change. Warming temperatures and shifts in sea ice in the Arctic are disrupting the food web gray whales rely on during summer feeding months, according to a 2023 study in Science, leaving many malnourished during migration. Many whales now concentrate in a high traffic corridor between Angel Island, Alcatraz and Treasure Island, directly overlapping with ferry routes and shipping lanes. "It's the worst place possible in terms of all the ship traffic," said Rachel Rhodes, a project scientist at the Benioff Ocean Science Laboratory who led the initiative. There have been so many collisions that "the teams responding to strandings said they ran out of places to even land dead whales." The eastern North Pacific gray whale population was once hailed as a conservation success story after rebounding from commercial whaling and being removed from the Endangered Species Act in 1994. But numbers have since plummeted, decreasing by half over the last 10 years, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Just 13,000 remain. "They may not be getting the quality or quantity of food they're used to in the Arctic," Rhodes said. "That means they're starting this incredibly long migration at a disadvantage." Artificial intelligence automatically flags potential whale sightings, which are then verified by trained marine mammal observers before alerts are sent via radio to ferry operators, vessel traffic controllers and posted publicly on the Whale Safe website. WhaleSpotter systems are already used on vessels and fixed installations such as lighthouses and coastal towers in the United States, Canada and Australia. But researchers say the San Francisco Bay network is the first to directly integrate land-based and vessel-mounted detections with official mariner alerts, allowing whale sightings to be relayed in near-real time to ships navigating the bay. The first hours of testing produced an immediate flood of detections. "Suddenly to have a full sense of how much whale activity is in this space honestly put me a little bit on edge," said Douglas McCauley, director of the Benioff lab. "But we're going to use that data and we're going to be smart about how we use that space and share it with the whales." Researchers say the system's biggest advantage is constant monitoring. Unlike human observers, thermal cameras can operate through the night and in many foggy conditions common in the bay. One camera was installed on Angel Island and a second will soon be fixed aboard a ferry traveling between downtown San Francisco and Vallejo to create what Rhodes described as a "moving data collection platform." Scientists hope additional cameras on the Golden Gate Bridge and Alcatraz could eventually expand coverage across the bay. A severe marine heat wave lingering off the California coast is shrinking the band of cold, nutrient-rich water where krill, anchovies and sardines thrive. As offshore waters warm, humpback whales are increasingly following that prey closer to shore, where California's Dungeness crab fishery operates. The fishery uses tens of thousands of vertical lines that connect traps on the seafloor to surface buoys, creating entanglement hazards for whales migrating and feeding along the coast. This spring, regulators again closed parts of the fishery off central California to conventional gear, a measure that has become increasingly common in recent years as warming waters increase whale overlap with crab fishing seasons. While grey whales are also at risk, humpbacks are most vulnerable. "Humpbacks are curious and they'll scratch their backs on the gear," said Kathi George, director of cetacean conservation biology at The Marine Mammal Center. "If they get a line caught on their body, they'll breach and they'll roll and end up entangling themselves." Whales can drag heavy gear for months, unable to dive or feed properly, leading to starvation, infection and drowning. Thirty-six whales were confirmed entangled off the West Coast in 2024 -- the highest number since 2018, according to NOAA - though scientists caution most cases go undocumented. California approved commercial use of ropeless pop-up crab fishing gear for the first time this spring, which will allow fishermen to continue harvesting through the end of the season. Instead of floating surface buoys tethered to traps, the system stores ropes and buoys on the seafloor until fishermen return and trigger an acoustic release that brings the gear to the surface. Supporters say the technology allows fishermen to continue harvesting crab while dramatically reducing the risk to whales. As climate change reshapes ocean conditions and whale migration patterns, scientists expect the overlap between whales, ships and fishing gear to persist. "We will have to continue to be adaptive and science driven in terms of our management to reduce wildlife risk and keep fishermen on the water," said Caitlynn Birch, Oceana's Pacific campaign manager and a marine scientist. "California has been a national leader in developing whale-safe fishing technologies and we hope that model can help guide other fisheries on the West Coast and nationally." The Associated Press receives support from the Walton Family Foundation for coverage of water and environmental policy. The AP is solely responsible for all content. For all of AP's environmental coverage, visit https://apnews.com/hub/climate-and-environment

San Francisco turns to AI to save whales from ship strikes as deaths soar

Climate change is pushing starving grey whales to San Francisco Bay, where ship strikes led to 40% of 21 deaths Ferries, cargo ships and tankers cut through choppy waters in the San Francisco Bay Tuesday as a whale surfaced nearby, its spout barely visible against the white caps. Until now, whales could easily go unnoticed by mariners, but an AI-powered detection network launched this week is designed to track them day and night. The system, called WhaleSpotter, scans the bay around the clock for whale blows and heat signatures up to 2 nautical miles away, alerting mariners to slow down or reroute when whales are nearby. "They'll be able to make adjustments way before they get anywhere close," said Thomas Hall, director of operations for the San Francisco Bay ferry. "It will also allow us to track data over time and see where the whales are camping out so we can adjust our routes during whale season to avoid those areas completely." The effort comes amid an alarming rise in gray whale deaths in the bay. Last year, 21 dead gray whales were found in the wider Bay Area - the highest number in 25 years, according to the Marine Mammal Center - with at least 40% killed by ship strikes. At least 10 more have died in the Bay Area so far this year. Scientists say those figures likely underestimate the true toll as many whale carcasses sink or are swept back out to sea before they are ever found or reported. Gray whales have long migrated along the California coast on their roughly 12,000-mile (19,300-km) journey between breeding lagoons in Mexico and feeding grounds in the Arctic. But instead of simply passing offshore, increasing numbers are now diverting into San Francisco Bay and lingering for days or even weeks inside the crowded estuary - a shift scientists increasingly link to climate change. Warming temperatures and shifts in sea ice in the Arctic are disrupting the food web gray whales rely on during summer feeding months, according to a 2023 study in Science, leaving many malnourished during migration. Many whales now concentrate in a high traffic corridor between Angel Island, Alcatraz and Treasure Island, directly overlapping with ferry routes and shipping lanes. "It's the worst place possible in terms of all the ship traffic," said Rachel Rhodes, a project scientist at the Benioff Ocean Science Laboratory who led the initiative. There have been so many collisions that "the teams responding to strandings said they ran out of places to even land dead whales." The eastern north Pacific gray whale population was once hailed as a conservation success story after rebounding from commercial whaling and being removed from the Endangered Species Act in 1994. But numbers have since plummeted, decreasing by half over the last 10 years, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Just 13,000 remain. "They may not be getting the quality or quantity of food they're used to in the Arctic," Rhodes said. "That means they're starting this incredibly long migration at a disadvantage." Artificial intelligence automatically flags potential whale sightings, which are then verified by trained marine mammal observers before alerts are sent via radio to ferry operators, vessel traffic controllers and posted publicly on the Whale Safe website. WhaleSpotter systems are already used on vessels and fixed installations such as lighthouses and coastal towers in the United States, Canada and Australia. But researchers say the San Francisco Bay network is the first to directly integrate land-based and vessel-mounted detections with official mariner alerts, allowing whale sightings to be relayed in near-real time to ships navigating the bay. The first hours of testing produced an immediate flood of detections. "Suddenly to have a full sense of how much whale activity is in this space honestly put me a little bit on edge," said Douglas McCauley, director of the Benioff lab. "But we're going to use that data and we're going to be smart about how we use that space and share it with the whales." Researchers say the system's biggest advantage is constant monitoring. Unlike human observers, thermal cameras can operate through the night and in many foggy conditions common in the bay. One camera was installed on Angel Island and a second will soon be fixed aboard a ferry traveling between downtown San Francisco and Vallejo to create what Rhodes described as a "moving data collection platform". Scientists hope additional cameras on the Golden Gate Bridge and Alcatraz could eventually expand coverage across the bay. A severe marine heat wave lingering off the California coast is shrinking the band of cold, nutrient-rich water where krill, anchovies and sardines thrive. As offshore waters warm, humpback whales are increasingly following that prey closer to shore, where California's Dungeness crab fishery operates. The fishery uses tens of thousands of vertical lines that connect traps on the seafloor to surface buoys, creating entanglement hazards for whales migrating and feeding along the coast. This spring, regulators again closed parts of the fishery off central California to conventional gear, a measure that has become increasingly common in recent years as warming waters increase whale overlap with crab fishing seasons. While grey whales are also at risk, humpbacks are most vulnerable. "Humpbacks are curious and they'll scratch their backs on the gear," said Kathi George, director of cetacean conservation biology at the Marine Mammal Center. "If they get a line caught on their body, they'll breach and they'll roll and end up entangling themselves." Whales can drag heavy gear for months, unable to dive or feed properly, leading to starvation, infection and drowning. Thirty-six whales were confirmed entangled off the West Coast in 2024 - the highest number since 2018, according to NOAA - though scientists caution most cases go undocumented. California approved commercial use of ropeless pop-up crab fishing gear for the first time this spring, which will allow fishermen to continue harvesting through the end of the season. Instead of floating surface buoys tethered to traps, the system stores ropes and buoys on the seafloor until fishermen return and trigger an acoustic release that brings the gear to the surface. Supporters say the technology allows fishermen to continue harvesting crab while dramatically reducing the risk to whales. As climate change reshapes ocean conditions and whale migration patterns, scientists expect the overlap between whales, ships and fishing gear to persist. "We will have to continue to be adaptive and science driven in terms of our management to reduce wildlife risk and keep fishermen on the water," said Caitlynn Birch, Oceana's Pacific campaign manager and a marine scientist. "California has been a national leader in developing whale-safe fishing technologies and we hope that model can help guide other fisheries on the West Coast and nationally." The Associated Press receives support from the Walton Family Foundation for coverage of water and environmental policy. The AP is solely responsible for all content. For all of AP's environmental coverage, visit here.

San Francisco thinks AI can save the whales. Here's how | Fortune

Ferries, cargo ships and tankers cut through choppy waters in the San Francisco Bay Tuesday as a whale surfaced nearby, its spout barely visible against the white caps. Until now, whales could easily go unnoticed by mariners, but an AI-powered detection network launched this week is designed to track them day and night. The system, called WhaleSpotter, scans the bay around the clock for whale blows and heat signatures up to 2 nautical miles away, alerting mariners to slow down or reroute when whales are nearby. "They'll be able to make adjustments way before they get anywhere close," said Thomas Hall, director of operations for San Francisco Bay Ferry. "It will also allow us to track data over time and see where the whales are camping out so we can adjust our routes during whale season to avoid those areas completely." The effort comes amid an alarming rise in gray whale deaths in the bay. Last year, 21 dead gray whales were found in the wider Bay Area -- the highest number in 25 years, according to The Marine Mammal Center -- with at least 40% killed by ship strikes. At least 10 more have died in the Bay Area so far this year. Scientists say those figures likely underestimate the true toll as many whale carcasses sink or are swept back out to sea before they are ever found or reported. Gray whales have long migrated along the California coast on their roughly 12,000-mile (19,300-kilometer) journey between breeding lagoons in Mexico and feeding grounds in the Arctic. But instead of simply passing offshore, increasing numbers are now diverting into San Francisco Bay and lingering for days or even weeks inside the crowded estuary -- a shift scientists increasingly link to climate change. Warming temperatures and shifts in sea ice in the Arctic are disrupting the food web gray whales rely on during summer feeding months, according to a 2023 study in Science, leaving many malnourished during migration. Many whales now concentrate in a high traffic corridor between Angel Island, Alcatraz and Treasure Island, directly overlapping with ferry routes and shipping lanes. "It's the worst place possible in terms of all the ship traffic," said Rachel Rhodes, a project scientist at the Benioff Ocean Science Laboratory who led the initiative. There have been so many collisions that "the teams responding to strandings said they ran out of places to even land dead whales." The eastern North Pacific gray whale population was once hailed as a conservation success story after rebounding from commercial whaling and being removed from the Endangered Species Act in 1994. But numbers have since plummeted, decreasing by half over the last 10 years, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Just 13,000 remain. "They may not be getting the quality or quantity of food they're used to in the Arctic," Rhodes said. "That means they're starting this incredibly long migration at a disadvantage." Artificial intelligence automatically flags potential whale sightings, which are then verified by trained marine mammal observers before alerts are sent via radio to ferry operators, vessel traffic controllers and posted publicly on the Whale Safe website. WhaleSpotter systems are already used on vessels and fixed installations such as lighthouses and coastal towers in the United States, Canada and Australia. But researchers say the San Francisco Bay network is the first to directly integrate land-based and vessel-mounted detections with official mariner alerts, allowing whale sightings to be relayed in near-real time to ships navigating the bay. The first hours of testing produced an immediate flood of detections. "Suddenly to have a full sense of how much whale activity is in this space honestly put me a little bit on edge," said Douglas McCauley, director of the Benioff lab. "But we're going to use that data and we're going to be smart about how we use that space and share it with the whales." Researchers say the system's biggest advantage is constant monitoring. Unlike human observers, thermal cameras can operate through the night and in many foggy conditions common in the bay. One camera was installed on Angel Island and a second will soon be fixed aboard a ferry traveling between downtown San Francisco and Vallejo to create what Rhodes described as a "moving data collection platform." Scientists hope additional cameras on the Golden Gate Bridge and Alcatraz could eventually expand coverage across the bay. A severe marine heat wave lingering off the California coast is shrinking the band of cold, nutrient-rich water where krill, anchovies and sardines thrive. As offshore waters warm, humpback whales are increasingly following that prey closer to shore, where California's Dungeness crab fishery operates. The fishery uses tens of thousands of vertical lines that connect traps on the seafloor to surface buoys, creating entanglement hazards for whales migrating and feeding along the coast. This spring, regulators again closed parts of the fishery off central California to conventional gear, a measure that has become increasingly common in recent years as warming waters increase whale overlap with crab fishing seasons. While grey whales are also at risk, humpbacks are most vulnerable. "Humpbacks are curious and they'll scratch their backs on the gear," said Kathi George, director of cetacean conservation biology at The Marine Mammal Center. "If they get a line caught on their body, they'll breach and they'll roll and end up entangling themselves." Whales can drag heavy gear for months, unable to dive or feed properly, leading to starvation, infection and drowning. Thirty-six whales were confirmed entangled off the West Coast in 2024 -- the highest number since 2018, according to NOAA -- though scientists caution most cases go undocumented. California approved commercial use of ropeless pop-up crab fishing gear for the first time this spring, which will allow fishermen to continue harvesting through the end of the season. Instead of floating surface buoys tethered to traps, the system stores ropes and buoys on the seafloor until fishermen return and trigger an acoustic release that brings the gear to the surface. Supporters say the technology allows fishermen to continue harvesting crab while dramatically reducing the risk to whales. As climate change reshapes ocean conditions and whale migration patterns, scientists expect the overlap between whales, ships and fishing gear to persist. "We will have to continue to be adaptive and science driven in terms of our management to reduce wildlife risk and keep fishermen on the water," said Caitlynn Birch, Oceana's Pacific campaign manager and a marine scientist. "California has been a national leader in developing whale-safe fishing technologies and we hope that model can help guide other fisheries on the West Coast and nationally." ___ The Associated Press receives support from the Walton Family Foundation for coverage of water and environmental policy. The AP is solely responsible for all content. For all of AP's environmental coverage, visit https://apnews.com/hub/climate-and-environment

A new whale detection network launches in San Francisco Bay, alerting ships in real time

SAN FRANCISCO, Calif. -- Ferries, cargo ships and tankers cut through choppy waters in the San Francisco Bay Tuesday as a whale surfaced nearby, its spout barely visible against the white caps. Until now, whales could easily go unnoticed by mariners, but an AI-powered detection network launched this week is designed to track them day and night. The system, called WhaleSpotter, scans the bay around the clock for whale blows and heat signatures up to 2 nautical miles away, alerting mariners to slow down or reroute when whales are nearby. "They'll be able to make adjustments way before they get anywhere close," said Thomas Hall, director of operations for San Francisco Bay Ferry. "It will also allow us to track data over time and see where the whales are camping out so we can adjust our routes during whale season to avoid those areas completely." The effort comes amid an alarming rise in gray whale deaths in the bay. Last year, 21 dead gray whales were found in the wider Bay Area -- the highest number in 25 years, according to The Marine Mammal Center -- with at least 40% killed by ship strikes. At least 10 more have died in the Bay Area so far this year. Scientists say those figures likely underestimate the true toll as many whale carcasses sink or are swept back out to sea before they are ever found or reported. Gray whales have long migrated along the California coast on their roughly 12,000-mile (19,300-kilometer) journey between breeding lagoons in Mexico and feeding grounds in the Arctic. But instead of simply passing offshore, increasing numbers are now diverting into San Francisco Bay and lingering for days or even weeks inside the crowded estuary -- a shift scientists increasingly link to climate change. Warming temperatures and shifts in sea ice in the Arctic are disrupting the food web gray whales rely on during summer feeding months, according to a 2023 study in Science, leaving many malnourished during migration. Many whales now concentrate in a high traffic corridor between Angel Island, Alcatraz and Treasure Island, directly overlapping with ferry routes and shipping lanes. "It's the worst place possible in terms of all the ship traffic," said Rachel Rhodes, a project scientist at the Benioff Ocean Science Laboratory who led the initiative. There have been so many collisions that "the teams responding to strandings said they ran out of places to even land dead whales." The eastern North Pacific gray whale population was once hailed as a conservation success story after rebounding from commercial whaling and being removed from the Endangered Species Act in 1994. But numbers have since plummeted, decreasing by half over the last 10 years, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Just 13,000 remain. "They may not be getting the quality or quantity of food they're used to in the Arctic," Rhodes said. "That means they're starting this incredibly long migration at a disadvantage." Artificial intelligence automatically flags potential whale sightings, which are then verified by trained marine mammal observers before alerts are sent via radio to ferry operators, vessel traffic controllers and posted publicly on the Whale Safe website. WhaleSpotter systems are already used on vessels and fixed installations such as lighthouses and coastal towers in the United States, Canada and Australia. But researchers say the San Francisco Bay network is the first to directly integrate land-based and vessel-mounted detections with official mariner alerts, allowing whale sightings to be relayed in near-real time to ships navigating the bay. The first hours of testing produced an immediate flood of detections. "Suddenly to have a full sense of how much whale activity is in this space honestly put me a little bit on edge," said Douglas McCauley, director of the Benioff lab. "But we're going to use that data and we're going to be smart about how we use that space and share it with the whales." Researchers say the system's biggest advantage is constant monitoring. Unlike human observers, thermal cameras can operate through the night and in many foggy conditions common in the bay. One camera was installed on Angel Island and a second will soon be fixed aboard a ferry traveling between downtown San Francisco and Vallejo to create what Rhodes described as a "moving data collection platform." Scientists hope additional cameras on the Golden Gate Bridge and Alcatraz could eventually expand coverage across the bay. A severe marine heat wave lingering off the California coast is shrinking the band of cold, nutrient-rich water where krill, anchovies and sardines thrive. As offshore waters warm, humpback whales are increasingly following that prey closer to shore, where California's Dungeness crab fishery operates. The fishery uses tens of thousands of vertical lines that connect traps on the seafloor to surface buoys, creating entanglement hazards for whales migrating and feeding along the coast. This spring, regulators again closed parts of the fishery off central California to conventional gear, a measure that has become increasingly common in recent years as warming waters increase whale overlap with crab fishing seasons. While grey whales are also at risk, humpbacks are most vulnerable. "Humpbacks are curious and they'll scratch their backs on the gear," said Kathi George, director of cetacean conservation biology at The Marine Mammal Center. "If they get a line caught on their body, they'll breach and they'll roll and end up entangling themselves." Whales can drag heavy gear for months, unable to dive or feed properly, leading to starvation, infection and drowning. Thirty-six whales were confirmed entangled off the West Coast in 2024 -- the highest number since 2018, according to NOAA -- though scientists caution most cases go undocumented. California approved commercial use of ropeless pop-up crab fishing gear for the first time this spring, which will allow fishermen to continue harvesting through the end of the season. Instead of floating surface buoys tethered to traps, the system stores ropes and buoys on the seafloor until fishermen return and trigger an acoustic release that brings the gear to the surface. Supporters say the technology allows fishermen to continue harvesting crab while dramatically reducing the risk to whales. As climate change reshapes ocean conditions and whale migration patterns, scientists expect the overlap between whales, ships and fishing gear to persist. "We will have to continue to be adaptive and science driven in terms of our management to reduce wildlife risk and keep fishermen on the water," said Caitlynn Birch, Oceana's Pacific campaign manager and a marine scientist. "California has been a national leader in developing whale-safe fishing technologies and we hope that model can help guide other fisheries on the West Coast and nationally."

A New Whale Detection Network Launches in San Francisco Bay, Alerting Ships in Real Time

SAN FRANCISCO, Calif. (AP) -- Ferries, cargo ships and tankers cut through choppy waters in the San Francisco Bay Tuesday as a whale surfaced nearby, its spout barely visible against the white caps. Until now, whales could easily go unnoticed by mariners, but an AI-powered detection network launched this week is designed to track them day and night. The system, called WhaleSpotter, scans the bay around the clock for whale blows and heat signatures up to 2 nautical miles away, alerting mariners to slow down or reroute when whales are nearby. "They'll be able to make adjustments way before they get anywhere close," said Thomas Hall, director of operations for San Francisco Bay Ferry. "It will also allow us to track data over time and see where the whales are camping out so we can adjust our routes during whale season to avoid those areas completely." The effort comes amid an alarming rise in gray whale deaths in the bay. Last year, 21 dead gray whales were found in the wider Bay Area -- the highest number in 25 years, according to The Marine Mammal Center -- with at least 40% killed by ship strikes. At least 10 more have died in the Bay Area so far this year. Scientists say those figures likely underestimate the true toll as many whale carcasses sink or are swept back out to sea before they are ever found or reported. Gray whales have long migrated along the California coast on their roughly 12,000-mile (19,300-kilometer) journey between breeding lagoons in Mexico and feeding grounds in the Arctic. But instead of simply passing offshore, increasing numbers are now diverting into San Francisco Bay and lingering for days or even weeks inside the crowded estuary -- a shift scientists increasingly link to climate change. Warming temperatures and shifts in sea ice in the Arctic are disrupting the food web gray whales rely on during summer feeding months, according to a 2023 study in Science, leaving many malnourished during migration. Many whales now concentrate in a high traffic corridor between Angel Island, Alcatraz and Treasure Island, directly overlapping with ferry routes and shipping lanes. "It's the worst place possible in terms of all the ship traffic," said Rachel Rhodes, a project scientist at the Benioff Ocean Science Laboratory who led the initiative. There have been so many collisions that "the teams responding to strandings said they ran out of places to even land dead whales." The eastern North Pacific gray whale population was once hailed as a conservation success story after rebounding from commercial whaling and being removed from the Endangered Species Act in 1994. But numbers have since plummeted, decreasing by half over the last 10 years, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Just 13,000 remain. "They may not be getting the quality or quantity of food they're used to in the Arctic," Rhodes said. "That means they're starting this incredibly long migration at a disadvantage." The thermal camera system provides real time alerts to mariners Artificial intelligence automatically flags potential whale sightings, which are then verified by trained marine mammal observers before alerts are sent via radio to ferry operators, vessel traffic controllers and posted publicly on the Whale Safe website. WhaleSpotter systems are already used on vessels and fixed installations such as lighthouses and coastal towers in the United States, Canada and Australia. But researchers say the San Francisco Bay network is the first to directly integrate land-based and vessel-mounted detections with official mariner alerts, allowing whale sightings to be relayed in near-real time to ships navigating the bay. The first hours of testing produced an immediate flood of detections. "Suddenly to have a full sense of how much whale activity is in this space honestly put me a little bit on edge," said Douglas McCauley, director of the Benioff lab. "But we're going to use that data and we're going to be smart about how we use that space and share it with the whales." Researchers say the system's biggest advantage is constant monitoring. Unlike human observers, thermal cameras can operate through the night and in many foggy conditions common in the bay. One camera was installed on Angel Island and a second will soon be fixed aboard a ferry traveling between downtown San Francisco and Vallejo to create what Rhodes described as a "moving data collection platform." Scientists hope additional cameras on the Golden Gate Bridge and Alcatraz could eventually expand coverage across the bay. Warming oceans are also threatening humpbacks A severe marine heat wave lingering off the California coast is shrinking the band of cold, nutrient-rich water where krill, anchovies and sardines thrive. As offshore waters warm, humpback whales are increasingly following that prey closer to shore, where California's Dungeness crab fishery operates. The fishery uses tens of thousands of vertical lines that connect traps on the seafloor to surface buoys, creating entanglement hazards for whales migrating and feeding along the coast. This spring, regulators again closed parts of the fishery off central California to conventional gear, a measure that has become increasingly common in recent years as warming waters increase whale overlap with crab fishing seasons. While grey whales are also at risk, humpbacks are most vulnerable. "Humpbacks are curious and they'll scratch their backs on the gear," said Kathi George, director of cetacean conservation biology at The Marine Mammal Center. "If they get a line caught on their body, they'll breach and they'll roll and end up entangling themselves." Whales can drag heavy gear for months, unable to dive or feed properly, leading to starvation, infection and drowning. Thirty-six whales were confirmed entangled off the West Coast in 2024 -- the highest number since 2018, according to NOAA - though scientists caution most cases go undocumented. California approved commercial use of ropeless pop-up crab fishing gear for the first time this spring, which will allow fishermen to continue harvesting through the end of the season. Instead of floating surface buoys tethered to traps, the system stores ropes and buoys on the seafloor until fishermen return and trigger an acoustic release that brings the gear to the surface. Supporters say the technology allows fishermen to continue harvesting crab while dramatically reducing the risk to whales. As climate change reshapes ocean conditions and whale migration patterns, scientists expect the overlap between whales, ships and fishing gear to persist. "We will have to continue to be adaptive and science driven in terms of our management to reduce wildlife risk and keep fishermen on the water," said Caitlynn Birch, Oceana's Pacific campaign manager and a marine scientist. "California has been a national leader in developing whale-safe fishing technologies and we hope that model can help guide other fisheries on the West Coast and nationally." ___ Follow Annika Hammerschlag on Instagram: @ahammergram. ___ The Associated Press receives support from the Walton Family Foundation for coverage of water and environmental policy. The AP is solely responsible for all content. For all of AP's environmental coverage, visit https://apnews.com/hub/climate-and-environment

California launches AI detection network as whale deaths skyrocket

SAN FRANCISCO (AP) -- Ferries, cargo ships and tankers cut through choppy waters in the San Francisco Bay on Tuesday as a whale surfaced nearby, its spout barely visible against the white caps. Until now, whales could easily go unnoticed by mariners, but an AI-powered detection network launched this week is designed to track them day and night. The system, called WhaleSpotter, scans the bay around the clock for whale blows and heat signatures up to two nautical miles away, alerting mariners to slow down or reroute when whales are nearby. "They'll be able to make adjustments way before they get anywhere close," said Thomas Hall, director of operations for San Francisco Bay Ferry. "It will also allow us to track data over time and see where the whales are camping out so we can adjust our routes during whale season to avoid those areas completely." The effort comes amid an alarming rise in gray whale deaths in the bay. Last year, 21 dead gray whales were found in the wider Bay Area -- the highest number in 25 years, according to The Marine Mammal Center -- with at least 40% killed by ship strikes. At least ten more have died in the Bay Area so far this year. Scientists say those figures likely underestimate the true toll as many whale carcasses sink or are swept back out to sea before they are ever found or reported. Gray whales have long migrated along the California coast on their roughly 12,000-mile (19,300-kilometer) journey between breeding lagoons in Mexico and feeding grounds in the Arctic. But instead of simply passing offshore, increasing numbers are now diverting into San Francisco Bay and lingering for days or even weeks inside the crowded estuary -- a shift scientists increasingly link to climate change. Warming temperatures and shifts in sea ice in the Arctic are disrupting the food web gray whales rely on during summer feeding months, according to a 2023 study in Science, leaving many malnourished during migration. Many whales now concentrate in a high traffic corridor between Angel Island, Alcatraz and Treasure Island, directly overlapping with ferry routes and shipping lanes. "It's the worst place possible in terms of all the ship traffic," said Rachel Rhodes, a project scientist at the Benioff Ocean Science Laboratory who led the initiative. There have been so many collisions that "the teams responding to strandings said they ran out of places to even land dead whales." The eastern North Pacific gray whale population was once hailed as a conservation success story after rebounding from commercial whaling and being removed from the Endangered Species Act in 1994. But numbers have since plummeted, decreasing by half over the last 10 years, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Just 13,000 remain. "They may not be getting the quality or quantity of food they're used to in the Arctic," Rhodes said. "That means they're starting this incredibly long migration at a disadvantage." Artificial intelligence automatically flags potential whale sightings, which are then verified by trained marine mammal observers before alerts are sent via radio to ferry operators, vessel traffic controllers and posted publicly on the Whale Safe website. WhaleSpotter systems are already used on vessels and fixed installations such as lighthouses and coastal towers in the United States, Canada and Australia. But researchers say the San Francisco Bay network is the first to directly integrate land-based and vessel-mounted detections with official mariner alerts, allowing whale sightings to be relayed in near-real time to ships navigating the bay. The first hours of testing produced an immediate flood of detections. "Suddenly to have a full sense of how much whale activity is in this space honestly put me a little bit on edge," said Douglas McCauley, director of the Benioff lab. "But we're going to use that data and we're going to be smart about how we use that space and share it with the whales." Researchers say the system's biggest advantage is constant monitoring. Unlike human observers, thermal cameras can operate through the night and in many foggy conditions common in the bay. One camera was installed on Angel Island and a second will soon be fixed aboard a ferry traveling between downtown San Francisco and Vallejo to create what Rhodes described as a "moving data collection platform." Scientists hope additional cameras on the Golden Gate Bridge and Alcatraz could eventually expand coverage across the bay. A severe marine heat wave lingering off the California coast is shrinking the band of cold, nutrient-rich water where krill, anchovies and sardines thrive. As offshore waters warm, humpback whales are increasingly following that prey closer to shore, where California's Dungeness crab fishery operates. The fishery uses tens of thousands of vertical lines that connect traps on the seafloor to surface buoys, creating entanglement hazards for whales migrating and feeding along the coast. This spring, regulators again closed parts of the fishery off central California to conventional gear, a measure that has become increasingly common in recent years as warming waters increase whale overlap with crab fishing seasons. While grey whales are also at risk, humpbacks are most vulnerable. "Humpbacks are curious and they'll scratch their backs on the gear," said Kathi George, director of cetacean conservation biology at The Marine Mammal Center. "If they get a line caught on their body, they'll breach and they'll roll and end up entangling themselves." Whales can drag heavy gear for months, unable to dive or feed properly, leading to starvation, infection and drowning. Thirty-six whales were confirmed entangled off the West Coast in 2024 -- the highest number since 2018, according to NOAA -- though scientists caution most cases go undocumented. California approved commercial use of ropeless pop-up crab fishing gear for the first time this spring, which will allow fishermen to continue harvesting through the end of the season. Instead of floating surface buoys tethered to traps, the system stores ropes and buoys on the seafloor until fishermen return and trigger an acoustic release that brings the gear to the surface. Supporters say the technology allows fishermen to continue harvesting crab while dramatically reducing the risk to whales. As climate change reshapes ocean conditions and whale migration patterns, scientists expect the overlap between whales, ships and fishing gear to persist. "We will have to continue to be adaptive and science-driven in terms of our management to reduce wildlife risk and keep fishermen on the water," said Caitlynn Birch, Oceana's Pacific campaign manager and a marine scientist. "California has been a national leader in developing whale-safe fishing technologies and we hope that model can help guide other fisheries on the West Coast and nationally."