CoreWeave Leads AI Cloud Race with Nvidia's Latest GPU Deployment

CoreWeave Stock Rallied On Thursday: What Happened? - CoreWeave (NASDAQ:CRWV)

Shares of CoreWeave Inc. CRWV traded higher on Thursday with gains accelerating into the close. The company announced it became the first AI cloud provider to deploy NVIDIA Corp's NVDA new GB300 NVL72 platform. What To Know: CoreWeave announced plans to significantly scale deployments worldwide after highlighting its first GB300 NVL72 deployment on Thursday. The GB300 NVL72 brings an upgrade in AI reasoning performance, offering as much as a 10x boost in user responsiveness and a 50x jump in inference output compared to the previous Nvidia Hopper architecture. CoreWeave said it worked with Dell, Switch and Vertiv to roll out the new infrastructure, which is tightly integrated with CoreWeave's Kubernetes and observability stack. "CoreWeave is constantly working to push the boundaries of AI development further, deploying the bleeding-edge cloud capabilities required to train the next generation of AI models," said Peter Salanki, co-founder and CTO of CoreWeave. "We're proud to be the first to stand up this transformative platform and help innovators prepare for the next exciting wave of AI." CoreWeave shares were seeing some early momentum Thursday morning, but gains accelerated in the afternoon after the company highlighted the deployment milestone. Nvidia also hit all-time highs on Thursday, climbing above $160 before pulling back slightly ahead of the close. CoreWeave went public in March in an IPO at $40 per share. Despite stumbling a bit out of the gates, shares have soared in recent months as the rise of generative AI and large language models continues to fuel incredible demand for high-performance computing infrastructure. CoreWeave continues to see strong interest from investors. It was one of the most searched stocks on Benzinga Pro last month as AI-related names continue to lead markets higher. CoreWeave shares closed Thursday's shortened trading session about $22 below all-time highs of $187. CRWV Price Action: CoreWeave shares closed Thursday up 8.85% at $165.20, according to Benzinga pro. Read Next: EXCLUSIVE: 2025's First Half Most-Searched Tickers On Benzinga Pro -- Where Do Nvidia, Tesla, Apple Stock Rank? Image Via Shutterstock. CRWVCoreWeave Inc$164.008.06%Stock Score Locked: Edge Members Only Benzinga Rankings give you vital metrics on any stock - anytime. Unlock RankingsEdge RankingsMomentumNot AvailableGrowthNot AvailableQualityNot AvailableValue10.02Price TrendShortMediumLongOverviewNVDANVIDIA Corp$159.211.25% This content was partially produced with the help of AI tools and was reviewed and published by Benzinga editors. Market News and Data brought to you by Benzinga APIs

Why CoreWeave Rallied 46.5% in June | The Motley Fool

CoreWeave went public in March under a cloud of scrutiny and fears over tariffs. However, it has since become an AI darling, skyrocketing not only in May on the back of an incremental Nvidia (NVDA 1.71%) investment, but also in June. June's gains appeared to come from increasing optimism over AI-related growth, with CoreWeave publishing impressive leading benchmarks running Nvidia's latest Blackwell chips. In early June, CoreWeave submitted MLPerf Training v5.0 benchmarks for its GB200 NVL72 cluster, in collaboration with Nvidia and IBM. CoreWeave's submission used 2,496 Nvidia GPUs running on CoreWeave's AI-optimized infrastructure. That infrastructure includes CoreWeave's proprietary software and middleware innovations such as SUNK, which allows customers to use a combination of popular AI training programming languages instead of having to choose just one. CoreWeave's Tensorizer software also routes data to the closest possible GPU, resulting in faster training times. CoreWeave said its training cluster was 34 times larger than the only other cluster submitted for the same benchmark from a major cloud provider, underscoring CoreWeave's current advantage of deploying huge Nvidia clusters quickly. The company noted its infrastructure ran the large 405 billion-parameter Llama 3.1 model in just 27.3 minutes, more than twice as fast as other submissions. CoreWeave may be getting a preferred allocation of Nvidia chips before other major clouds, due to Nvidia's investment in CoreWeave, as well as all major clouds now pursuing their own AI training and inference ASICs. So CoreWeave appears to have a time-to-market advantage versus others, which may make CoreWeave attractive to AI labs needing the latest and greatest Nvidia chips as quickly as possible in large numbers. For instance, OpenAI, thought to be the leading AI lab today, inked an $11.9 billion deal with CoreWeave in March. That being said, CoreWeave is inherently at the mercy of Nvidia, which is both a supplier, investor, and customer, in a somewhat circular relationship. While the arrangement seems to be working for now, there is always the danger that if Nvidia ever gets a big competitive threat, things could get complicated for CoreWeave -- especially at its current elevated valuation.

Is CoreWeave Stock a Buy Now? | The Motley Fool

CoreWeave (CRWV 9.17%) stock got off to a slow start following its public debut just over three months ago, but share prices started jumping in May and rose nearly 4x at one point in mid-June. The stock currently sits up almost 280% from its IPO price. The price jump isn't surprising, considering that the cloud infrastructure provider is growing at a stunning pace thanks to the booming demand for artificial intelligence (AI) model training and inference. Investors' enthusiasm for CoreWeave stock is tied to the fact that the company rents out its graphics processing unit (GPU)-powered data centers to customers for running and deploying AI workloads. CoreWeave is seeing a phenomenal increase in its revenue in recent quarters, and it expects this remarkable growth to continue. Given the fact that the stock price is already up so much in such a short time, is CoreWeave still worth buying now? Let's see if an answer presents itself. CoreWeave isn't profitable yet, as the company has been investing aggressively to ramp up its data center capacity to meet the incredible demand for its AI cloud infrastructure services. That means the price-to-sales ratio offers a more useful insight into how expensive CoreWeave is right now. CoreWeave's sales multiple is 27. That's significantly higher than the U.S. technology sector's average sales multiple of just over 8. But a closer look at CoreWeave's recent quarterly results will make it clear why its expensive valuation is justified. The company's revenue in the first quarter of 2025 jumped by more than 5x from the year-ago period to $982 million. Adjusted operating income jumped by 6.5x year over year to $163 million. Importantly, CoreWeave is bringing more customers on board, and that's inflating the company's revenue pipeline. On its latest earnings conference call, CEO Michael Intrator said: In Q1, we completed a strategic deal with OpenAI, the contract value for which is up to $11.9 billion. We have also added new enterprise customers and a new hyperscaler and signed expansion agreements with several large customers, including a recent $4 billion expansion with a large AI enterprise, the details of which will be included in our 10-Q. The new contracts won by CoreWeave led to a 63% jump in its revenue backlog to $25.9 billion last quarter. That figure is well above the company's 2025 revenue forecast of $5 billion. The impressive size of CoreWeave's backlog tells us why analysts are upbeat about its revenue growth for the next two years as well. However, there is a strong possibility that CoreWeave will blow past those analyst expectations because of two factors. First, the company sees its total addressable market (TAM) expanding to a massive $400 billion by 2028. Management consulting firm McKinsey says that the demand for AI-ready data centers is expected to increase at a 33% annual rate through 2030. Even then, McKinsey estimates that the new capacity being built will not be enough to meet the demand, suggesting that companies like CoreWeave are unlikely to suffer from unutilized supply. Second, CoreWeave is building new data centers at a healthy pace to capture a nice chunk of the TAM mentioned above. The company increased its data center capacity by 300 megawatts (MW) in the first quarter, bringing its total active data center capacity to 420 MW. CoreWeave currently has 33 purpose-built AI data centers, but that figure is likely to jump substantially since it has contracted 1.6 gigawatts (GW) of data center capacity. That would be 4x its current capacity, suggesting that it can not only convert its terrific backlog into revenue but also get more business from new customers. We have seen that CoreWeave's sales multiple is more than 3x the U.S. technology sector's average. However, there are other AI stocks that are trading at much more expensive levels, and their growth rates are lower than that of CoreWeave. SoundHound AI stock, for instance, trades at 38 times sales, while Palantir Technologies is way more expensive at 104 times sales. Both companies are delivering healthy growth, and their revenue pipelines are also improving, but CoreWeave is way ahead of them. In fact, CoreWeave's growth potential is so solid that it can deliver healthy stock price upside even if it trades in line with the tech sector's average sales multiple. We saw in the chart earlier that its top line could jump to $16.6 billion in 2027. A sales multiple of 8 would send its market cap to $133 billion, up by 73% from the current level. As such, CoreWeave stock still seems worth buying as it isn't all that expensive when we take into account the remarkable growth that it could deliver in the future.

Fantastic News for CoreWeave Shareholders | The Motley Fool

CoreWeave (CRWV 9.17%) delivered an exciting first half to investors. The company, known for its close relationship with artificial intelligence (AI) chip giant Nvidia (NVDA 1.28%), made its market debut, reported triple-digit quarterly revenue growth, and went on to gain 300%. Investors are excited about CoreWeave as the company has seen soaring demand for its AI cloud services, and with the AI market potentially heading for $2 trillion in a few years, this momentum could continue. And just last week, this up-and-coming AI giant delivered even more fantastic news to shareholders. Let's check it out. First, though, let's catch up on the CoreWeave story so far. As mentioned, the company is linked to Nvidia, and this is in two ways: CoreWeave's main business is the leasing out of compute power in the form of Nvidia graphics processing units (GPUs), or the main chips fueling key AI tasks such as the training and inferencing of models. The company has a fleet of more than 250,000 GPUs operating in about 32 data centers, and customers can rent access to them by the hour or for a much longer period. So CoreWeave offers them a great deal of flexibility. The second link to Nvidia is the fact that this AI powerhouse holds a 7% stake in CoreWeave. This support is a positive sign for CoreWeave and its investors because Nvidia, with its dominant position in AI, knows how to recognize potential winners. So, if Nvidia is investing in an AI company, other investors may want to give that particular company a closer look. Now, let's consider the fantastic news CoreWeave just delivered to shareholders. The company said it became the first to make Nvidia's latest chip update -- Blackwell Ultra -- commercially available. This is in the form of the Nvidia GB300 NVL72 system built by Dell, a platform that CoreWeave says represents a "major leap" for AI reasoning and AI agent projects. The GB300 NVL72 brings 1.5 times greater AI performance than the initial Blackwell chip -- GB200 -- that was launched in the fourth quarter of last year. And CoreWeave then was the first to make the Blackwell system available to customers too. CoreWeave competes with other cloud providers such as Amazon's Amazon Web Services and Microsoft Azure, and those companies have both hefty resources and a broad customer base -- and they, too, offer Nvidia products and services. But, what could help CoreWeave stand out over time is this first access to Nvidia products and the fact that CoreWeave specializes in AI workloads. So, CoreWeave being first to launch Blackwell and Blackwell Ultra is key because it's establishing itself as the place for customers to go if they aim to gain immediate access to Nvidia's latest innovations. This could help boost CoreWeave's already soaring demand. In the most recent quarter, revenue climbed more than 400% as customers rushed to the company for compute power. Considering CoreWeave now is launching Blackwell Ultra, it's reasonable to expect strong growth in the upcoming quarter too amid demand for this high-performance platform. All of this is great news for early investors in this young AI stock. But what if you haven't yet invested in CoreWeave? Is it too late to get in on this soaring stock? This depends on your appetite for risk and your investment horizon. Stocks never rise in a straight line without any sort of pause. So, it's possible that in the near- or mid-term, CoreWeave will see its shares stagnate or dip. And, though demand is high, it's important to remember that risk is present too: CoreWeave must invest heavily in GPUs in order to keep up with demand, and this may make it difficult to reach and secure profitability. This will be a point to watch in the upcoming quarters. All of this means CoreWeave isn't the best fit for cautious investors or those who are uncomfortable with some ups and downs. But, aggressive investors with a long investing horizon may pick up a few shares of this highflyer and hold on -- if AI momentum continues at this pace and demand for Nvidia's GPUs remains strong, CoreWeave and its shareholders may be among the first to benefit.

Nvidia-backed stock sends a quiet shockwave through the AI world

What started as a crypto side hustle was the best-performing AI tech IPO of 2025, up four times since its March debut. Don't miss the move: Subscribe to TheStreet's free daily newsletter Moreover, its power-packed alliance with Nvidia means it gets access to the hottest GPUs first, a key differentiator as everyone scrambles for AI computing. Now, with July 3's headline-grabbing move in the books, this Nvidia-backed AI stock is showing just how it plans to scale up while shaking up the cloud hierarchy in the process. Starting as a crypto mining outfit, CoreWeave is now one of the buzziest names in the AI gold rush. Launched in 2017 as Atlantic Crypto, the New Jersey business rode the incredible Ethereum wave before pulling back sharply a couple of years later. It then rebranded and leaned hard into building out GPU-packed data centers, right when the generative AI boom was catching fire. Fast-forward to today: CoreWeave runs dozens of tailor-made data centers across the U.S. and Europe, offering plug-and-play access to Nvidia's hottest GPUs. The big-ticket customers can sidestep the need to build in-house hardware fortresses by renting CoreWeave's racks for their model training and inference needs. Related: Google's quiet AI win spells trouble for Amazon Corweave's big competitive edge is its tight partnership with Nvidia, which owns roughly 5% of CoreWeave, funneling its cutting-edge GPUs to the upstart first. No wonder Mr.Market has noticed. CoreWeave's IPO in March has been 2025's biggest tech story, pricing at $40 per share and raising about $1.5 billion. Since then, its stock has skyrocketed over 270%, peaking above $166 in June. Behind that surge is serious financial traction. In the first quarter, CoreWeave brought in $981.6 million in sales, comfortably beating Wall Street's $852.9 million estimate. More Tech Stock News: It's sitting on a massive $25.9 billion revenue backlog, expecting to post full-year sales of $4.9 billion to $5.1 billion, beating analyst calls near $4.6 billion. Specifically, its massive five-year, $11.9 billion contract with OpenAI (plus an extension) and its new role supporting Google Cloud's compute push have caught the tech world's attention. Also, CoreWeave plans to spend more than $23 billion this year on new facilities as it doubles down on its generative AI bet. CoreWeave's big Nvidia play sends a message CoreWeave just fired a massive shot across the hyperscaler battlefield, and Wall Street took notice. The AI cloud player is first to the party, rolling out the highly anticipated Nvidia GB300 NVL72. This powerful liquid-cooled, rack-scale AI juggernaut is built to train the most advanced models on the planet. For investors, this is far from being a usual hardware upgrade. It's a clear sign that CoreWeave is punching above its weight as it stamps its authority in the hotly competitive AI arms race. The stock's 9% pop on July 3 says plenty about how Wall Street sees this move. Related: Veteran analyst drops bold new call on Nvidia stock Tech heads, take note that the NVL72 runs on Nvidia's robust Blackwell chips, stuffing 72 Blackwell Ultra GPUs and 36 Arm Grace CPUs into Dell's custom-built rack system. That essentially translates into a system that's 10 times faster in responsiveness and five times quicker than its predecessor. That's no less than a game-changer for businesses training multi-trillion parameter models, the same level of AI that will push the pace on the next wave of chatbots and agentic AI. Being first means CoreWeave gets early bragging rights and a likely bump in real-world client workloads. For its godfather in Nvidia, it clearly shows that the Blackwell ecosystem is hitting real-world racks, powering next-gen AI tech. Moreover, Nvidia partners like Dell and Supermicro are also riding the Blackwell wave. Supermicro just showed off 30 enterprise AI solutions built on the same tech for the European market as it looks to dominate global AI factories. Related: Veteran analyst offers eye-popping Nvidia, Microsoft stock prediction

CoreWeave Becomes First Hyperscaler to Deploy NVIDIA GB300 NVL72 Platform

LIVINGSTON, N.J., July 3, 2025 /PRNewswire/ -- CoreWeave (Nasdaq: CRWV), the AI Hyperscaler™, today announced it is the first AI cloud provider to deploy the latest NVIDIA GB300 NVL72 systems for customers, with plans to significantly scale deployments worldwide. The NVIDIA GB300 NVL72 represents a major leap in performance for AI reasoning and agentic workloads, delivering up to a 10x boost in user responsiveness, a 5x improvement in throughput per watt compared to the previous generation NVIDIA Hopper architecture, and a 50x increase in output for reasoning model inference. "CoreWeave is constantly working to push the boundaries of AI development further, deploying the bleeding-edge cloud capabilities required to train the next generation of AI models," said Peter Salanki, Co-Founder and Chief Technology Officer at CoreWeave. "We're proud to be the first to stand up this transformative platform and help innovators prepare for the next exciting wave of AI." CoreWeave collaborated with Dell, Switch, and Vertiv to build the initial deployment of NVIDIA GB300 NVL72 systems, enabling greater speed and efficiency to bring the latest NVIDIA GPUs to CoreWeave's AI cloud platform. The deployment of GB300 NVL72 is tightly integrated with CoreWeave's cloud-native software stack, including its CoreWeave Kubernetes Service (CKS) and Slurm on Kubernetes (SUNK) to its deep observability and custom-designed Rack LifeCycle Controller (RLCC). CoreWeave recently announced that hardware-level data and cluster health events are now integrated directly through Weights & Biases' developer platform, which CoreWeave acquired earlier this year. This achievement continues CoreWeave's legacy of delivering first-to-market access to the world's most advanced AI infrastructure demanded by the world's leading AI labs and enterprises. This initial deployment of NVIDIA GB300s expands on CoreWeave's existing Blackwell fleet, which also includes the NVIDIA HGX B200 and the NVIDIA GB200 NVL72 system. Last year, CoreWeave was among the first to offer NVIDIA H200 GPUs and was the first AI cloud provider to make NVIDIA GB200 NVL72 systems generally available. In June 2025, CoreWeave, in collaboration with NVIDIA and IBM, submitted the largest-ever MLPerf® Training v5.0 benchmark using nearly 2,500 NVIDIA GB200 Grace Blackwell Superchips, achieving a breakthrough result on the most complex model, Llama 3.1 405B, in just 27.3 minutes. CoreWeave is the only hyperscaler to achieve the highest Platinum rating by SemiAnalysis's GPU Cloud ClusterMAX™ Rating System, an independent AI cloud industry benchmark. About CoreWeave CoreWeave (Nasdaq: CRWV), the AI Hyperscaler™, delivers a cloud platform of cutting-edge software powering the next wave of AI. The company's technology provides enterprises and leading AI labs with cloud solutions for accelerated computing. Since 2017, CoreWeave has operated a growing footprint of data centers across the US and Europe. CoreWeave was ranked as one of the TIME100 most influential companies and featured on Forbes Cloud 100 ranking in 2024. Learn more at www.coreweave.com. Forward-Looking Statements This press release contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 that involve risks and uncertainties, which statements are based on current expectations, forecasts, and assumptions and involve risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from expectations discussed in such statements. These forward-looking statements are only predictions and may differ materially from actual results due to a variety of factors including, but not limited to, general market, political, economic and business conditions. These factors, as well as others, are discussed in CoreWeave's filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission, including the sections titled "Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements" and "Risk Factors" in CoreWeave's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended March 31, 2025. All forward-looking statements contained herein are based on information available as of the date hereof and CoreWeave does not assume any obligation to update these statements as a result of new information or future events.

CoreWeave, the AI hyperscaler challenging the cloud giants

CoreWeave's story reads like a whirlwind turnaround. Founded in 2017 in New Jersey by three former commodity traders, the company started out as Atlantic Crypto, an Ethereum mining operation that leveraged the computing power of graphics cards. But the cryptocurrency crash in 2018 forced its founders to reorient their business. Rather than liquidate their assets, they decided to leverage them in a different way: CoreWeave was born, a company specializing in high-performance cloud infrastructure with an exclusive focus on artificial intelligence (AI). It was a visionary move, given that the explosion in demand for computing power linked to the rise of giant language models would not occur until a few years later. Today, CoreWeave has become an essential pillar of the global AI ecosystem, capable of competing with the historic hyperscalers in a niche but strategic segment. CoreWeave has carved out a unique niche by rejecting the generalist approach of the major public clouds. Gone are the thousands of ancillary services and architectures designed for versatility. The company has set itself a clear mission: to provide the best possible infrastructure for AI-intensive workloads, whether it's model training, ultra-low-latency inference, or complex graphics rendering. To do this, it deploys massive clusters of the latest generation of GPUs (Nvidia Hopper, Blackwell) in its own data centers in the United States and Europe. It then offers this raw power to its customers through a business model based on multi-year "take-or-pay" contracts, guaranteeing stable and predictable revenue. In other words, customers commit to paying for reserved resources, whether they are used or not. This model allows it to invest heavily in expanding its capabilities (32 data centers, over 250,000 GPUs in 2025) while securing essential cash flow in an extremely capital-intensive industry. CoreWeave attracts AI leaders thanks to its unique performance promise. The company doesn't just offer GPUs: it has built an integrated cloud platform optimized for end-to-end AI. Its bare metal architecture, with no virtualization layer, enables enhanced isolation and maximum performance. In-house software innovations such as CKS (CoreWeave Kubernetes Service) and SUNK (Slurm on Kubernetes) facilitate the management of massive clusters for training models on tens of thousands of GPUs. CoreWeave has also developed Nimbus, its own control plane based on NVIDIA's Bluefield DPU chips, which provides intelligent network scheduling and enhanced security at the node level. The demonstration speaks for itself: according to MLPerf v5.0 benchmarks, CoreWeave outperforms the H200 by 2.86× on the Llama 3.1 405B model in inference, and its GB200 cluster for training is 34 times larger than the second-ranked cluster. CoreWeave is not just a provider of raw power: it has become the trusted partner of the biggest names in AI. In addition to Microsoft (which accounted for more than 50% of its revenue), the company has signed a five-year contract with OpenAI valued at nearly $12bn, which also includes an equity stake in CoreWeave. Other big-name clients include Meta, IBM, Cohere, Mistral AI, and Jane Street. This privileged position among the global AI elite is a testament to its recognized technological excellence, but it also raises structural concerns: the extreme concentration of its revenue makes CoreWeave vulnerable to any strategic changes by its major clients, some of which are also its competitors. CoreWeave, the AI Hyperscaler™, was the only AI cloud provider to receive the highest Platinum rating based on SemiAnalysis' ClusterMAX™ rating system. By 2025, analysts expect revenue of $5bn, supported by the order book and the ramp-up of the OpenAI contract. The company has achieved the feat of generating an adjusted EBITDA margin of 64% by 2024, a sign of exceptional potential profitability despite heavy investment. It has raised more than $12.9bn through asset-backed financing (notably its GPUs) and contracts signed with investment-grade customers. However, this dependence on external financing is a point of concern. CoreWeave remains heavily indebted, with negative free cash flow, and will need to continue to convince the markets to support its growth rate. The AI infrastructure market is expected to grow by more than 30% per year through 2030. CoreWeave is establishing itself as the only pure player at hyperscale, facing two types of competitors: These giants have huge financial resources and product portfolios. They can compete with CoreWeave on access to GPUs (or even develop their own silicon), offer integrated bundles, and leverage long-standing customer relationships. CoreWeave is countering this with faster execution, cutting-edge technological specialization, and services tailored to the specific needs of AI labs. But the threat is existential, particularly from Google Cloud (TPUs, Vertex AI) and Microsoft Azure, which is both a customer and a competitor. With less capital, these players stand out for their agility, open-source focus, or green credentials. They sometimes target the same customers as CoreWeave, but struggle to compete in terms of raw capacity and reliability. CoreWeave maintains its lead thanks to its size, access to capital, and operational excellence. CoreWeave went public in March 2025, raising $1.5bn in the largest IPO in the AI sector to date. The share price is currently trading at around $155 per share, giving it a market capitalization of $75bn. Its stock market performance since the IPO has been impressive: +300% in just a few months. The current valuation leaves no room for error. The stock is trading at almost 20x its estimated revenue for 2025. Investors expect strong growth in the coming years in a very popular sector, hence the very high ratios. Indeed, revenue for 2026 is estimated at $11.6bn and for 2027 at $16.5bn. Investors who are willing to pay the current price for the stock are betting on three things: explosive demand for specialized AI infrastructure, CoreWeave's outstanding operational execution, and solid economic fundamentals (strongly growing operating margins, recurring revenue). But there are many risks: customer dependence, competitive pressure, ongoing need for financing, and GPU scarcity. CoreWeave is establishing itself as the technology champion of AI infrastructure, combining raw power, software innovation, and operational excellence. In an industry where the race for performance is key, it has become the preferred partner of AI leaders. But its future will depend on its ability to manage its growth, diversify its customer base, and maintain its technological lead against giants with virtually unlimited resources. In a world where AI is becoming infrastructure, CoreWeave wants to be the equivalent of what Amazon was for e-commerce: the invisible but essential backbone of innovation. It's a bold bet... but not an unrealistic one.