SpaceX IPO raises record $75 billion as AI ambitions fuel valuation debate and market volatility

The Year of the Humongous IPO

This is the year of the giga-IPO. SpaceX, Elon Musk's aerospace and artificial-intelligence company, raised a record $75 billion in capital when it went public earlier this month, instantly becoming one of the 10 most valuable companies in the world. The AI giants Anthropic and OpenAI, meanwhile, both recently filed to go public later this year, ensuring that in a matter of months, we will likely witness the three biggest IPOs in history. These massive IPOs are outliers in other ways too. The number of businesses going public has been shrinking dramatically, from more than 500 or so a year in the 1990s to about 120 a year over the past decade. Although the number of new businesses in the United States has surged in recent years, the number of public companies is down by almost 40 percent from its 1990s peak. So why are these buzzy companies in the hottest industry bucking this trend and going public? The answer is simple: because they need to raise staggering amounts of money to cover the enormous cost of competing in the AI race. This marks a fundamental change in the technology business. James Surowiecki: SpaceX is basically a huge meme stock Many tech giants of recent decades -- think Facebook, Uber, and Airbnb -- went public less to raise money than to give their early investors and employees a chance to cash out by selling stock. Although software and internet-based companies invested plenty in research and development, their capital expenditures were otherwise low. They built massive, and massively profitable, businesses without much in the way of up-front costs. (Even Amazon's profits come mostly from its web-services business, not from retail.) At the same time, a boom in venture capital and private-investment funds allowed founders to raise money without subjecting themselves to the regulatory and reporting requirements of public companies. But developing AI is ludicrously expensive. SpaceX's AI business, for instance, is burning through $1 billion every month. OpenAI lost a reported $38.5 billion last year, according to financial statements uncovered by blogger Ed Zitron. These companies are consuming capital at a record pace to build out data centers -- and, in SpaceX's case, all of the other stuff that Elon Musk wants to make. Although SpaceX has had no shortage of private investors, the company just got masses of cash by capitalizing on record-high investor demand. And because these companies are not yet profitable and likely won't be for a while, they are relying on the public's hunger to get in on the AI boom to raise the tens of billions of dollars they need, and to allow some employees and early investors to cash out. Charlie Warzel: The myth of SpaceX Since 2003, companies have returned more money to shareholders than they have raised in the stock market. But that trend now appears to be reversing. Pretty much every Big Tech company is investing ungodly sums simply to be relevant in the age of AI. Even profitable companies are pouring much of their revenue back into their business -- and they're now starting to tap the stock market too. Alphabet, Google's parent company and one of the most profitable companies in the world, recently announced that it would be selling new stock to the public to raise $85 billion, all of it earmarked for AI. In February, the tech giant Oracle said that it would be selling $20 billion in stock. And earlier this month, the Financial Times reported that Meta, too, is contemplating a big stock offering. JPMorgan Chase estimates that companies will sell $1.5 trillion in shares over the next two years. Historically, this combination of a wave of IPOs and a rise in existing companies issuing more stock has not boded well for stocks in the long term. In many cases, a big surge in stock supply overwhelms demand -- and raises questions about whether markets are properly reflecting value or inflating a bubble. As the economist and hedge-fund manager Owen Lamont has written, "When firms are selling, you should generally sell as well." The volatility of SpaceX stock, which has tumbled for days, erasing nearly all of the gains enjoyed by the average investor, shows just how much uncertainty attends even the most hyped stock offerings in a risky industry. The SpaceX, Anthropic, and OpenAI IPOs and the stock sales by the Googles and Oracles of the world are happening because companies are trying to raise as much money as possible while the good times last. And that should make us wonder about how much longer they will.

The $17 billion mistake hidden inside SpaceX's blockbuster IPO | Fortune

The absolute dollar amounts that SpaceX (SPCX) sacrificed in going public, however, are staggering and precedent-shattering. Put simply, Elon Musk's creation stands in urgent need of tens of billions to fund the giant capital expenditures required to power what it acknowledges as its principal growth engine, its new AI franchise. The towering sums that flowed in one-day profits to privileged investors who got shares at the IPO offer price on the cheap -- and may reward the bankers who steered them those allocations by sending back lucrative, "soft dollars" trades -- would have provided a lot more rocket fuel in the tank to sustain what Musk advertises as the fastest takeoff in the annals of capitalism. From one viewpoint, the opening jump looks modest. On June 12, SpaceX shares spiked from the offer price of $135 to close at $160.75, a lift of 19%. According to stats assembled by Jay Ritter, the University of Florida professor who is the world's leading expert on IPOs, the percentage increase precisely matches the average bump over the last several decades. Plus, because the markets valued SpaceX at $2 trillion by the first day close, the amount of "left on the table," the difference between the total dollars the enterprise would have raised had it captured the $160.75 the funds and folks were willing to pay, and the $135 pre-fee number Musk put in the treasury, tallies to a seemingly non-shocking 0.8% of SpaceX all-in market cap. Still, the count of foregone billions reigns as by far the biggest in IPO history for ordinary share offerings. Ritter provides extensive rankings for the largest amounts left on the table. His official number for SpaceX is $14.5 billion. But Ritter's methodology targets the one-day figure. He doesn't include the "over-allotment," or "Green Shoe," of an extra 15% that the issuer awards the banks at the IPO price for distribution to the same investors if the shares rise on day one; if the IPO tanks, the underwriters blunt the selling and act as a stabilizer by re-purchasing the extra 15% at the higher offering number. As Ritter told Fortune, the total proceeds SpaceX won't collect, measured through the time the Green Shoe shares are dispensed, will be $16.7 billion ($14.5 billion plus 15%). The $16.7 billion that SpaceX effectively sent elsewhere is almost triple the former record of $5.9 billion, set in the 2008 Visa offering. In fact, for only five IPOs did the first day pop (including the Green Shoe) exceed $4 billion. The total for the former first four on the list, Visa, Airbnb (2020), Cerebras Systems (2026), and Snowflake (2020) barely surpasses the rocket and AI giant's mark. (The 2014 offering of Alibaba left over $9 billion on the table, still just over half the SpaceX total, but isn't included in Ritter's table since it deployed ADRs not regular shares.) The $16.7 billion left on the table represents a big cost for SpaceX's business, and is only small vs its celestial valuation While the marvel of SpaceX's never before witnessed $86 billion raise (including the 15% over-allotment) and $2 trillion-plus market cap got all the buzz for their over-the-top bigness, its fundamental numbers as an ongoing business are small. Last year, SpaceX posted a mere $18.7 billion in revenue, just 12% more than what the day one leap delivered its IPO investors. What hurts most: SpaceX is short on future funding for its ultra-costly ramp in AI. Last year, the capex dedicated to AI amounted to $12.7 billion, absorbing 81% of its expenditures on plant and equipment. In Q1, the outlays for data centers, GPUs and the like jumped to $7.7 billion, and the S-1 filing strongly implies that they'll swell rapidly from there. As the document advises on page 12, "Our AI business is in a relatively early stage, it is being integrated into our organization, its business strategy is still developing, and it will require significant capital expenditures to fund compute, infrastructure and power generation, model training, and product development." Even now, SpaceX isn't generating nearly enough cash from operations to support the vast AI expansion initiative. In the past five quarters, it's lavished $31 billion on capex, four times the cash collected from running its businesses. Reason: The deep operating losses in AI, alongside lesser deficits on the rocket side, are dwarfing profits from its one money-spinning franchise, the robust Starlink satellite mobile and broadband arm. To make matters worse, most of the vaunted sums amassed from the IPO are spoken for. The S-1 disclosed that SpaceX has committed $62.6 billion, or 71% of the $86 billion raised in the offering and Green Shoe, for amounts owed to several parties, including the repayment of a loan from Tesla, Musk's second largest holding, and to EchoStar for "Spectrum Acquisition Closing." That leaves just $23 billion available for covering AI capex. At the end of Q1, SpaceX was sitting on cash of $24 billion. Hence, the IPO take plus those reserves total less than $50 billion. The AI spending on capex and R&D are accelerating so fast that SpaceX could easily burn through that number in less than a year. That's why the $16.7 billion that went to the investor windfall, and not to SpaceX, is so important. Getting that money would have bolstered SpaceX's $50 billion war-chest by one-third. The "left on the table" number worsens a principal threat investors face in owning SpaceX stock: the prospect of big dilution. The bar to rewarding shareholders is already super-high simply due to the stratospheric valuation. SpaceX didn't stop climbing on June 12. By the market close on June 18, it had vaulted another 15% to $185.00. That lifted its valuation to $2.44 trillion, or 36% over the famously cited $1.8 trillion it would have commanded at the $135 offering price. Days before the IPO, David Trainer, CEO of research firm New Constructs, ran discounted cash flow numbers estimating the revenues SpaceX would need by 2035 to hand shareholders decent returns, were they able to buy at $135. His number is $1.1 trillion. That's 50% more than the top line in America over the past four quarters, Amazon's, $743 billion. By my estimate, SpaceX would require revenues of $1.5 trillion, well twice Amazon's and almost 3.5x Apple's, ten years hence for anyone buying the shares now to make fairly good money. Elon Musk pretty much agrees. In a X message over the post-IPO weekend, he posited sales of $1 trillion by 2031. But SpaceX is running big cash flow deficits, and its less than $50 billion cash pile won't last long. Investors should worry, where is the money for all of this stupendous, up-front, pre-big-profit AI campaign supposed to come from? The answer may be frequent stock issuance. We're already seeing a case in point. On June 16, SpaceX announced that it's purchasing coding agent Cursor for $60 billion in an all-stock transaction. The number of new shares SpaceX issues Cursor owners will be based on their average end-of-day price in the seven days that precede the closing. But even at today's valuation of $2.6 trillion, the deal would dilute SpaceX's shareholders by 2.4%. If its price retreats from these incredible heights by before SpaceX clinches the deal, that number will rise. As SpaceX shows by paying stock not cash for Cursor, harboring shares that by all fundamental measures look highly inflated carries a major advantage in making acquisitions -- the tie-up would water down SpaceX shareholders a lot more if its market cap weren't on such a tear. It also provides another edge: You can raise relatively large amounts of cash by selling relatively small numbers of new shares, compared to the overall float. That means for now, SpaceX could pay for copious capex sans too much dilution. That equation won't work if the price falls. And if SpaceX relies on share sales rather than highly profitable operations to fund its capex charge, investors will catch on and send its stock price lower, making it increasingly costly to use new equity as the currency for financing its AI expansion. It's interesting that Musk, one of the greatest tech mavericks of all time, didn't defy Wall Street, and insist on getting full value for the shares sold in the IPO. The examples are out there. Google used a Dutch Auction process in its 2004 debut, and Palantir (2020) and Spotify (2018) deployed "direct listings," where the company doesn't engage Wall Street underwriters. Instead, market makers on the exchanges match buy and sell orders to establish a price where supply meets demand before the start of trading. That template eliminates the bounce so that the selling shareholders get the full price investors are willing to pay, and prevents the underpricing from the investment banks that's so prevalent in IPOs. Elon Musk is now bragging that SpaceX will make epic investments en route to unleashing stupendous results. To kickstart the SpaceX miracle, he could sorely use that $17 billion he left behind.

SpaceX valuation hinges on uncertain AI economics, says Professor Aswath Damodaran

SpaceX's massive market debut, reaching a $2 trillion valuation, is largely fuelled by AI ambitions, according to valuation expert Aswath Damodaran. While Starlink contributes significantly, he cautions that the AI business is nascent with uncertain economics and high costs. Damodaran warns against equating growth with value, emphasising that even compelling narratives must align with financial realities for sustainable investment. After Elon Musk's SpaceX completed its market debut, veteran valuation expert Aswath Damodaran has warned that the company's soaring valuation rests heavily on uncertain assumptions around artificial intelligence (AI), even as its core businesses remain relatively niche. "If you look at SpaceX, it started as a space launch business... but even after they got their feet on the ground, it's not a big business," Damodaran said, noting that despite its technological edge, the market for satellite launches remains limited. The real shift, he argued, came with the addition of Starlink and, more recently, AI ambitions following the integration of xAI. "That business is now at the core of the revenue... but if you stop right there, this would be a very good business, but it would be a niche business," he said. The comments came as SpaceX debuted on Nasdaq in the largest IPO ever. The stock opened at $150 under the ticker SPCX, 11% higher than its IPO price of $135. The company's valuation has already crossed the $2 trillion mark, making it more valuable than Musk's automotive company Tesla, which was worth about $1.2 trillion. The trillion-dollar narrative, according to Damodaran, is driven almost entirely by AI. "The market is huge... that's what's driving the trillion, 2 trillion, 2.5 trillion pricing. But the business is really not a business yet," he cautioned. Its Starlink satellite communications network offers internet service to individuals and organisations, with more than 9,500 satellites deployed since 2019 to service more than 9 million users globally. Starlink generates 50%-80% of SpaceX's revenue, per a report by Reuters in April. Concerns surrounding AI Damodaran highlighted fundamental concerns around AI economics, pointing to high costs and weak margins. "The unit economics right now are not great... it's going to stay, in my view, a low gross margin business because of the nature of the business," he said. He added that high-end AI services remain prohibitively expensive, making scalability uncertain. SpaceX acquired xAI in a transaction that valued SpaceX at $1 trillion, and xAI at $250 billion, according to Reuters. xAI reportedly posted a net loss of $1.46 billion for the September quarter, compared with a loss of $1 billion in the previous three months. Revenue nearly doubled sequentially to $107 million in the period ended September 30, 2025. Mounting pressures for SpaceX He also flagged a strategic contradiction in SpaceX's approach. "We're going to compete... win a significant market share of the AI market. But in the same breath, you're also saying we're renting out space in our data centres to our biggest competitors," he said, calling it a tension that "will have to gel". More broadly, Damodaran cautioned investors against equating growth with value. "We make this mistake of assuming growth is always good... growth with huge reinvestment and substandard margins... might not just be neutral to value but actually be value destructive." Ultimately, he stressed that even the most compelling narratives must align with financial reality. "The best investment stories still have to connect to the numbers," he said. SpaceX's listing also made Elon Musk the world's first trillionaire, with the Bloomberg Billionaires Index estimating his net worth at roughly $1.05 trillion.

SpaceX's next frontier: AI, growth and investor expectations - ​Historic IPO creates market frenzy

SpaceX's next frontier: AI, growth and investor expectations 1/10 Historic IPO creates market frenzy SpaceX made history with the largest IPO ever, raising nearly $75 billion before underwriters expanded the offering further. The stock rallied sharply after listing, briefly pushing the company's valuation close to the world's most valuable firms. Strong retail participation and fear of missing out (FOMO) fuelled aggressive buying, while analysts said the blockbuster debut has revived enthusiasm for mega technology listings, particularly those linked to AI and space. 2/10 Why are investors so excited? Investors are no longer valuing SpaceX as just a rocket-launch company. Instead, the business is increasingly viewed as a diversified technology platform with exposure to commercial space launches, satellite internet, artificial intelligence infrastructure, defence technology and the future space economy. This broad growth narrative has helped justify premium valuations despite the company's relatively short history as a publicly traded stock. 3/10 AI becomes the new growth story Artificial intelligence has emerged as one of the biggest reasons behind investor optimism. Recent reports suggest SpaceX has identified a $22.7 trillion long-term AI opportunity by combining its satellite network with next-generation computing infrastructure. As a result, many investors now believe AI could become an even bigger growth driver than the company's traditional rocket business over the coming years. 4/10 Strategic acquisitions strengthen AI vision SpaceX has been expanding its AI ambitions through strategic acquisitions and investments aimed at strengthening software development, computing infrastructure and artificial intelligence capabilities. These initiatives align with Elon Musk's broader vision of integrating aerospace, communications and AI into a single technology ecosystem. Supporters believe this strategy could create significant competitive advantages over the long term. 5/10 Why the stock pulled back After a spectacular rally following the IPO, SpaceX shares experienced a pullback as investors booked profits. Analysts noted that such volatility is common after high-profile listings, especially when only a limited number of shares are available for trading. Despite the decline, the stock continues to trade comfortably above its IPO price, reflecting sustained investor interest. 6/10 Valuation debate intensifies SpaceX's valuation has become one of the biggest talking points on Wall Street. Critics argue that the company is trading at exceptionally high multiples that are difficult to justify using traditional financial metrics. Supporters, however, believe investors are pricing in the company's future opportunities across AI, satellite communications and space technology rather than focusing solely on current earnings. 7/10 Should Tesla merge with SpaceX? The idea of combining Tesla and SpaceX has sparked fresh debate among investors. Supporters believe a merger could create a powerful technology ecosystem by bringing together AI expertise, engineering talent and complementary businesses. However, critics point to governance challenges, valuation differences, shareholder dilution and operational complexities, making such a deal difficult to execute in practice. 8/10 Why some investors say 'don't short' Several analysts advise investors against betting against SpaceX despite its rich valuation. They argue that the company continues to benefit from expanding AI initiatives, strong growth at Starlink, leadership in commercial space launches and recurring government contracts. Combined with strong retail demand and a limited public share float, these factors could continue supporting the stock even during periods of volatility. 9/10 Risks investors should watch While the long-term outlook remains attractive, investors should remain mindful of several risks. These include an expensive valuation, significant share price volatility, execution challenges in expanding AI initiatives, regulatory uncertainty and the company's dependence on ambitious long-term projects. Any disappointment in these areas could lead to sharp market reactions. 10/10 The bottom line SpaceX has evolved into a diversified technology company operating across aerospace, satellite communications and artificial intelligence. Although its IPO generated tremendous investor excitement, it also intensified the debate over whether current valuations are sustainable. The company's long-term success will depend on its ability to execute its AI strategy, maintain growth across its businesses and deliver results that justify investors' lofty expectations.

SpaceX extends losses premarket after 16% decline wipes out bulk of IPO gains By Investing.com

Investing.com -- SpaceX closed 16.4% lower on Monday after KeyBanc adopted a more cautious stance on the stock, arguing that its valuation has become increasingly stretched following a sharp post-IPO rally. Shares closed at $154.59, just a few dollars ahead of the $150 IPO opening price on June 12th. They have been as high as $225.64 since the company's trading debut. The stock continued sliding in Tuesday's premarket trading, losing 2.9% by 04:18 ET (08:18 GMT). The Monday pullback, wiping out $400 billion in market value, comes as investors weigh whether the company's long-term growth prospects can justify its elevated market value after a period of strong gains. SpaceX launched a senior unsecured notes offering Monday, and disclosed that it held roughly $100.8 billion in cash and cash equivalents as of June 19. The company said proceeds from the offering would be used to repay bridge financing and for general corporate purposes. KeyBanc initiated coverage of Space Exploration Technologies with a Sector Weight rating, saying the commercial space company's significant long-term growth opportunities are already reflected in its current share price. Six analysts assigned Buy ratings, while KeyBanc started coverage at Sector Weight while CFRA is the lone brokerage firm with a Sell rating. The broker's analysts called SpaceX "the dominant leader in space launch and space-adjacent verticals" but said risk/reward appears balanced until there is greater visibility on the progress of its next-generation Starship rocket. Shares of SPCX trade at roughly 29 times price-to-sales and 71 times EV/EBITDA on KeyBanc's 2027 estimates, a significant premium to peers across space, AI, and communications services sectors. SpaceX operates three business segments: Connectivity, which houses the Starlink satellite internet service and accounted for 61% of 2025 revenue; Space, covering launch vehicles including Falcon 9 and Starship; and AI, which includes the Grok chatbot and xAI computing infrastructure following the February 2026 merger with Elon Musk's AI startup. Starlink is the company's primary profit engine, generating roughly $11.4 billion in revenue and a 63% adjusted EBITDA margin in 2025. "At sufficient scale, Connectivity alone is capable of supporting a meaningful portion of enterprise value, which we believe limits downside to the overall story and allows the remaining segments (AI, Space) to be valued more as incremental upside rather than required for the thesis to hold," the analysts wrote. The AI segment, while still loss-making, has recently attracted major long-term compute contracts including a deal with Anthropic worth roughly $1.25 billion per month and a separate agreement with Google at $920 million per month. KeyBanc estimates AI segment revenue will reach approximately $50.6 billion by 2027, making it the largest growth driver over the medium term. However, the firm flagged that xAI's Grok model has yet to gain meaningful traction, holding just 3.1% U.S. business adoption versus 41% for Anthropic and 39.5% for OpenAI, arguing that the next 12-24 months are a "prove it phase" for the product. The broker sees Starship's development timeline as the key variable for its investment case. The rocket is critical to deploying next-generation Starlink V3 satellites, reducing launch costs through full reusability, and eventually enabling orbital data centers. Starship flight 13 is scheduled for June 29. Analysts noted that while they believe Starship will ultimately succeed, "we take a conservative approach on its development timeline." SpaceX has roughly 13 billion shares outstanding with only about 5% in the initial float, and Elon Musk's stake -- representing 42% of shares -- is locked up until June 2027. (Additional reporting by Senad Karaahmetovic and Frank DeMatteo)